106 research outputs found

    2023-2024 Undergraduate Academic Catalog

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    https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/academic_catalogs/1128/thumbnail.jp

    Towards COP27: The Water-Food-Energy Nexus in a Changing Climate in the Middle East and North Africa

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    Due to its low adaptability to climate change, the MENA region has become a "hot spot". Water scarcity, extreme heat, drought, and crop failure will worsen as the region becomes more urbanized and industrialized. Both water and food scarcity are made worse by civil wars, terrorism, and political and social unrest. It is unclear how climate change will affect the MENA water–food–energy nexus. All of these concerns need to be empirically evaluated and quantified for a full climate change assessment in the region. Policymakers in the MENA region need to be aware of this interconnection between population growth, rapid urbanization, food safety, climate change, and the global goal of lowering greenhouse gas emissions (as planned in COP27). Researchers from a wide range of disciplines have come together in this SI to investigate the connections between water, food, energy, and climate in the region. By assessing the impacts of climate change on hydrological processes, natural disasters, water supply, energy production and demand, and environmental impacts in the region, this SI will aid in implementation of sustainable solutions to these challenges across multiple spatial scales

    Assisting digital volume correlation with mechanical image-based modeling: application to the measurement of kinematic fields at the architecture scale in cellular materials

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    La mesure de champs de déplacement et de déformation aux petites échelles dans des microstructures complexes représente encore un défi majeur dans le monde de la mécanique expérimentale. Ceci est en partie dû aux acquisitions d'images et à la pauvreté de la texture à ces échelles. C'est notamment le cas pour les matériaux cellulaires lorsqu'ils sont imagés avec des micro-tomographes conventionnels et qu'ils peuvent être sujets à des mécanismes de déformation complexes. Comme la validation de modèles numériques et l'identification des propriétés mécaniques de matériaux se base sur des mesures précises de déplacements et de déformations, la conception et l'implémentation d'algorithmes robustes et fiables de corrélation d'images semble nécessaire. Lorsque l'on s'intéresse à l'utilisation de la corrélation d'images volumiques (DVC) pour les matériaux cellulaires, on est confronté à un paradoxe: l'absence de texture à l'échelle du constituant conduit à considérer l'architecture comme marqueur pour la corrélation. Ceci conduit à l'échec des techniques ordinaires de DVC à mesurer des cinématiques aux échelles subcellulaires en lien avec des comportements mécaniques locaux complexes tels que la flexion ou le flambement de travées. L'objectif de cette thèse est la conception d'une technique de DVC pour la mesure de champs de déplacement dans des matériaux cellulaires à l'échelle de leurs architectures. Cette technique assiste la corrélation d'images par une régularisation élastique faible en utilisant un modèle mécanique généré automatiquement et basé sur les images. La méthode suggérée introduit une séparation d'échelles au dessus desquelles la DVC est dominante et en dessous desquelles elle est assistée par le modèle mécanique basé sur l'image. Une première étude numérique consistant à comparer différentes techniques de construction de modèles mécaniques basés sur les images est conduite. L'accent est mis sur deux méthodes de calcul particulières: la méthode des éléments finis (FEM) et la méthode des cellules finies (FCM) qui consiste à immerger la géométrie complexe dans une grille régulière de haut ordre sans utiliser de mailleurs. Si la FCM évite une première phase délicate de discrétisation, plusieurs paramètres restent néanmoins délicats à fixer. Dans ce travail, ces paramètres sont ajustés afin d'obtenir (a) la meilleure précision (bornée par les erreurs de pixellisation) tout en (b) assurant une complexité minimale. Pour l'aspect mesure par corrélation d'images régularisée, plusieurs expérimentations virtuelles à partir de différentes simulations numériques (en élasticité, en plasticité et en non-linéarité géométrique) sont d'abord réalisées afin d'analyser l'influence des paramètres de régularisation introduits. Les erreurs de mesures peuvent dans ce cas être quantifiées à l'aide des solutions de référence éléments finis. La capacité de la méthode à mesurer des cinématiques complexes en absence de texture est démontrée pour des régimes non-linéaires tels que le flambement. Finalement, le travail proposé est généralisé à la corrélation volumique des différents états de déformation du matériau et à la construction automatique de la micro-architecture cellulaire en utilisant soit une grille B-spline d'ordre arbitraire (FCM) soit un maillage éléments finis (FEM). Une mise en évidence expérimentale de l'efficacité et de la justesse de l'approche proposée est effectuée à travers de la mesure de cinématiques complexes dans une mousse polyuréthane sollicitée en compression lors d'un essai in situ.Measuring displacement and strain fields at low observable scales in complex microstructures still remains a challenge in experimental mechanics often because of the combination of low definition images with poor texture at this scale. The problem is particularly acute in the case of cellular materials, when imaged by conventional micro-tomographs, for which complex highly non-linear local phenomena can occur. As the validation of numerical models and the identification of mechanical properties of materials must rely on accurate measurements of displacement and strain fields, the design and implementation of robust and faithful image correlation algorithms must be conducted. With cellular materials, the use of digital volume correlation (DVC) faces a paradox: in the absence of markings of exploitable texture on/or in the struts or cell walls, the available speckle will be formed by the material architecture itself. This leads to the inability of classical DVC codes to measure kinematics at the cellular and a fortiori sub-cellular scales, precisely because the interpolation basis of the displacement field cannot account for the complexity of the underlying kinematics, especially when bending or buckling of beams or walls occurs. The objective of the thesis is to develop a DVC technique for the measurement of displacement fields in cellular materials at the scale of their architecture. The proposed solution consists in assisting DVC by a weak elastic regularization using an automatic image-based mechanical model. The proposed method introduces a separation of scales above which DVC is dominant and below which it is assisted by image-based modeling. First, a numerical investigation and comparison of different techniques for building automatically a geometric and mechanical model from tomographic images is conducted. Two particular methods are considered: the finite element method (FEM) and the finite-cell method (FCM). The FCM is a fictitious domain method that consists in immersing the complex geometry in a high order structured grid and does not require meshing. In this context, various discretization parameters appear delicate to choose. In this work, these parameters are adjusted to obtain (a) the best possible accuracy (bounded by pixelation errors) while (b) ensuring minimal complexity. Concerning the ability of the mechanical image-based models to regularize DIC, several virtual experimentations are performed in two-dimensions in order to finely analyze the influence of the introduced regularization lengths for different input mechanical behaviors (elastic, elasto-plastic and geometrically non-linear) and in comparison with ground truth. We show that the method can estimate complex local displacement and strain fields with speckle-free low definition images, even in non-linear regimes such as local buckling. Finally a three-dimensional generalization is performed through the development of a DVC framework. It takes as an input the reconstructed volumes at the different deformation states of the material and constructs automatically the cellular micro-architeture geometry. It considers either an immersed structured B-spline grid of arbitrary order or a finite-element mesh. An experimental evidence is performed by measuring the complex kinematics of a polyurethane foam under compression during an in situ test

    Remote Sensing of Natural Hazards

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    Each year, natural hazards such as earthquakes, cyclones, flooding, landslides, wildfires, avalanches, volcanic eruption, extreme temperatures, storm surges, drought, etc., result in widespread loss of life, livelihood, and critical infrastructure globally. With the unprecedented growth of the human population, largescale development activities, and changes to the natural environment, the frequency and intensity of extreme natural events and consequent impacts are expected to increase in the future.Technological interventions provide essential provisions for the prevention and mitigation of natural hazards. The data obtained through remote sensing systems with varied spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions particularly provide prospects for furthering knowledge on spatiotemporal patterns and forecasting of natural hazards. The collection of data using earth observation systems has been valuable for alleviating the adverse effects of natural hazards, especially with their near real-time capabilities for tracking extreme natural events. Remote sensing systems from different platforms also serve as an important decision-support tool for devising response strategies, coordinating rescue operations, and making damage and loss estimations.With these in mind, this book seeks original contributions to the advanced applications of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) techniques in understanding various dimensions of natural hazards through new theory, data products, and robust approaches

    2022-2023 Undergraduate Academic Catalog

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    https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/academic_catalogs/1127/thumbnail.jp

    Curve Skeleton and Moments of Area Supported Beam Parametrization in Multi-Objective Compliance Structural Optimization

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    This work addresses the end-to-end virtual automation of structural optimization up to the derivation of a parametric geometry model that can be used for application areas such as additive manufacturing or the verification of the structural optimization result with the finite element method. A holistic design in structural optimization can be achieved with the weighted sum method, which can be automatically parameterized with curve skeletonization and cross-section regression to virtually verify the result and control the local size for additive manufacturing. is investigated in general. In this paper, a holistic design is understood as a design that considers various compliances as an objective function. This parameterization uses the automated determination of beam parameters by so-called curve skeletonization with subsequent cross-section shape parameter estimation based on moments of area, especially for multi-objective optimized shapes. An essential contribution is the linking of the parameterization with the results of the structural optimization, e.g., to include properties such as boundary conditions, load conditions, sensitivities or even density variables in the curve skeleton parameterization. The parameterization focuses on guiding the skeletonization based on the information provided by the optimization and the finite element model. In addition, the cross-section detection considers circular, elliptical, and tensor product spline cross-sections that can be applied to various shape descriptors such as convolutional surfaces, subdivision surfaces, or constructive solid geometry. The shape parameters of these cross-sections are estimated using stiffness distributions, moments of area of 2D images, and convolutional neural networks with a tailored loss function to moments of area. Each final geometry is designed by extruding the cross-section along the appropriate curve segment of the beam and joining it to other beams by using only unification operations. The focus of multi-objective structural optimization considering 1D, 2D and 3D elements is on cases that can be modeled using equations by the Poisson equation and linear elasticity. This enables the development of designs in application areas such as thermal conduction, electrostatics, magnetostatics, potential flow, linear elasticity and diffusion, which can be optimized in combination or individually. Due to the simplicity of the cases defined by the Poisson equation, no experts are required, so that many conceptual designs can be generated and reconstructed by ordinary users with little effort. Specifically for 1D elements, a element stiffness matrices for tensor product spline cross-sections are derived, which can be used to optimize a variety of lattice structures and automatically convert them into free-form surfaces. For 2D elements, non-local trigonometric interpolation functions are used, which should significantly increase interpretability of the density distribution. To further improve the optimization, a parameter-free mesh deformation is embedded so that the compliances can be further reduced by locally shifting the node positions. Finally, the proposed end-to-end optimization and parameterization is applied to verify a linear elasto-static optimization result for and to satisfy local size constraint for the manufacturing with selective laser melting of a heat transfer optimization result for a heat sink of a CPU. For the elasto-static case, the parameterization is adjusted until a certain criterion (displacement) is satisfied, while for the heat transfer case, the manufacturing constraints are satisfied by automatically changing the local size with the proposed parameterization. This heat sink is then manufactured without manual adjustment and experimentally validated to limit the temperature of a CPU to a certain level.:TABLE OF CONTENT III I LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS V II LIST OF SYMBOLS V III LIST OF FIGURES XIII IV LIST OF TABLES XVIII 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 RESEARCH DESIGN AND MOTIVATION 6 1.2 RESEARCH THESES AND CHAPTER OVERVIEW 9 2. PRELIMINARIES OF TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION 12 2.1 MATERIAL INTERPOLATION 16 2.2 TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION WITH PARAMETER-FREE SHAPE OPTIMIZATION 17 2.3 MULTI-OBJECTIVE TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION WITH THE WEIGHTED SUM METHOD 18 3. SIMULTANEOUS SIZE, TOPOLOGY AND PARAMETER-FREE SHAPE OPTIMIZATION OF WIREFRAMES WITH B-SPLINE CROSS-SECTIONS 21 3.1 FUNDAMENTALS IN WIREFRAME OPTIMIZATION 22 3.2 SIZE AND TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION WITH PERIODIC B-SPLINE CROSS-SECTIONS 27 3.3 PARAMETER-FREE SHAPE OPTIMIZATION EMBEDDED IN SIZE OPTIMIZATION 32 3.4 WEIGHTED SUM SIZE AND TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION 36 3.5 CROSS-SECTION COMPARISON 39 4. NON-LOCAL TRIGONOMETRIC INTERPOLATION IN TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION 41 4.1 FUNDAMENTALS IN MATERIAL INTERPOLATIONS 43 4.2 NON-LOCAL TRIGONOMETRIC SHAPE FUNCTIONS 45 4.3 NON-LOCAL PARAMETER-FREE SHAPE OPTIMIZATION WITH TRIGONOMETRIC SHAPE FUNCTIONS 49 4.4 NON-LOCAL AND PARAMETER-FREE MULTI-OBJECTIVE TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION 54 5. FUNDAMENTALS IN SKELETON GUIDED SHAPE PARAMETRIZATION IN TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION 58 5.1 SKELETONIZATION IN TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION 61 5.2 CROSS-SECTION RECOGNITION FOR IMAGES 66 5.3 SUBDIVISION SURFACES 67 5.4 CONVOLUTIONAL SURFACES WITH META BALL KERNEL 71 5.5 CONSTRUCTIVE SOLID GEOMETRY 73 6. CURVE SKELETON GUIDED BEAM PARAMETRIZATION OF TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION RESULTS 75 6.1 FUNDAMENTALS IN SKELETON SUPPORTED RECONSTRUCTION 76 6.2 SUBDIVISION SURFACE PARAMETRIZATION WITH PERIODIC B-SPLINE CROSS-SECTIONS 78 6.3 CURVE SKELETONIZATION TAILORED TO TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION WITH PRE-PROCESSING 82 6.4 SURFACE RECONSTRUCTION USING LOCAL STIFFNESS DISTRIBUTION 86 7. CROSS-SECTION SHAPE PARAMETRIZATION FOR PERIODIC B-SPLINES 96 7.1 PRELIMINARIES IN B-SPLINE CONTROL GRID ESTIMATION 97 7.2 CROSS-SECTION EXTRACTION OF 2D IMAGES 101 7.3 TENSOR SPLINE PARAMETRIZATION WITH MOMENTS OF AREA 105 7.4 B-SPLINE PARAMETRIZATION WITH MOMENTS OF AREA GUIDED CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK 110 8. FULLY AUTOMATED COMPLIANCE OPTIMIZATION AND CURVE-SKELETON PARAMETRIZATION FOR A CPU HEAT SINK WITH SIZE CONTROL FOR SLM 115 8.1 AUTOMATED 1D THERMAL COMPLIANCE MINIMIZATION, CONSTRAINED SURFACE RECONSTRUCTION AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 118 8.2 AUTOMATED 2D THERMAL COMPLIANCE MINIMIZATION, CONSTRAINT SURFACE RECONSTRUCTION AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 120 8.3 USING THE HEAT SINK PROTOTYPES COOLING A CPU 123 9. CONCLUSION 127 10. OUTLOOK 131 LITERATURE 133 APPENDIX 147 A PREVIOUS STUDIES 147 B CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES 149 C CASE STUDIES FOR THE CROSS-SECTION PARAMETRIZATION 155 D EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 15

    2019-2020, University of Memphis bulletin

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    University of Memphis bulletin containing the undergraduate catalog for 2019-2020.https://digitalcommons.memphis.edu/speccoll-ua-pub-bulletins/1459/thumbnail.jp

    Industrial Applications: New Solutions for the New Era

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    This book reprints articles from the Special Issue "Industrial Applications: New Solutions for the New Age" published online in the open-access journal Machines (ISSN 2075-1702). This book consists of twelve published articles. This special edition belongs to the "Mechatronic and Intelligent Machines" section

    Integrated Applications of Geo-Information in Environmental Monitoring

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    This book focuses on fundamental and applied research on geo-information technology, notably optical and radar remote sensing and algorithm improvements, and their applications in environmental monitoring. This Special Issue presents ten high-quality research papers covering up-to-date research in land cover change and desertification analyses, geo-disaster risk and damage evaluation, mining area restoration assessments, the improvement and development of algorithms, and coastal environmental monitoring and object targeting. The purpose of this Special Issue is to promote exchanges, communications and share the research outcomes of scientists worldwide and to bridge the gap between scientific research and its applications for advancing and improving society

    Kliimamuutuse mõju hindamine rannaniidu taimekooslusele mesokosmi katse ja mehitamata õhusõidukiga kogutud andmete põhjal

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    A Thesis for applying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Protection.Väitekiri filosoofiadoktori kraadi taotlemiseks keskkonnakaitse erialal.Semi-natural grasslands are an essential part of the cultural landscape of Europe. Semi-natural grasslands are commonly characterised by a very high biodiversity, including rare species. Beyond the high biodiversity value, semi-natural grasslands worldwide provide many ecosystem services, including: carbon sequestration and storage, nutrient cycling, regulation of soil quality, habitats for migrating birds, erosion control, and flood regulation. Within the realm of semi-natural grasslands, coastal meadows are particularly important. However, coastal grasslands are threatened by a range of factors such as coastal squeeze, transformation into monoculture ponds, pollution, and climate change. Coastal areas are threatened at a range of spatial scales as a result of sea-level rise, and can include higher flooding frequency in coastal areas, salt water intrusion in aquifers, and potential declines in the extent of coastal wetlands. A warmer climate also implies a modification in precipitation patterns affecting runoff into the sea. In coastal areas, both water levels and salinity have a strong impact on species distribution and therefore on the structure and composition of aquatic and coastal floral and faunal communities. Consequently, plant communities in coastal meadows are expected to undergo changes in their composition and structure. The current thesis explores different methodologies to assess plant community distribution, above-ground biomass, and the effects of management type, duration, and intensity on sward structure using UAV-derived multispectral data and aerial photogrammetry. In addition, the keystone of this thesis is a mesocosm experiment that was used to assess shifts in species richness and abundance in plant community types in Estonian coastal meadows related to future change scenarios of water level and salinity for the Baltic Sea. a. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) The use of UAV demonstrated to be able to identify plant community extent and distribution in high biodiversity value coastal meadows in West Estonia. Species diversity and biomass significantly influence the quality of data and this should be accounted for when planning the sample collection to achieve better results. This study has shown that UAVs are useful tools of mapping grasslands at a plant community level. Also, UAV showed to be possible to reveal the structure of the grassland and how it is affected by the management history. For example, the grassland turns more homogeneous under long-term monospecific grazing, b. Mesoscosm Experiment The mesocosm experiment in the present study revealed different temporal changes of wetland communities to altered salinity and water conditions, highlighting the response of plant species to environmental variables. These changes were not significant according to alteration of water level and salinity in the Open Pioneer community, but they were over time. On the other hand, Lower Shore and Upper Shore had significant changes according to time and treatments. These could be explained by dynamic differences in the communities, since Open Pioneer was more variable. c. Conclusions Both methodologies, remote sensing and the mesocosm experiment, are evidently important to evaluate the structure and function of Estonian coastal meadows. The mapping of the extent and structure of coastal plant communities allows an evaluation of the current state of the ecosystem. The mesocosm experiment helps to understand changes in plant community composition under altered conditions of water level and salinity in Estonian coastal meadows and consequently, understand how species richness, abundance, and biomass will respond to those changes. This information is important when considering the protection and potential management of these areas taking into account the species diversity of fauna and flora as well as that of livestock.Uuring viidi läbi kahel tasandil: uuringukohtades Lääne-Eestis ja katsekeskkonnas. Esimesel juhul valiti Silma looduskaitsealal, Matsalu rahvuspargis ja Vormsi saarel ranniku taimekoosluste ja maapealse biomassi kaardistamiseks kokku üheksa rannaniiduala (I, II). Teine osa hõlmab mesokosmi katset (III), mille käigus kasutati katse seadmiseks ja eksperimenteerimiseks Silma looduskaitsealalt kogutud proove. Vaatamata oma suhteliselt väikesele pindalale (45 228 km2) iseloomustab Eestit mitmekesine geoloogia, pinnamood ja kliima. Läänemere rannaniidud on tekkinud ja need säilivad maa isostaatilise tõusu, setete kogunemise ja alade vähese intensiivsusega majandamise – karjatamise või niitmise – tõttu. Eesti rannikumärgaladel on ebatavaline hüdroloogiline režiim. Kuna loodete ulatus on väga väike (~0,02 m), põhjustab rannaniitude üleujutusi valdavalt tsüklonaalne aktiivsus Põhja-Atlandil ja Fennoskandias. Üleujutuste sagedus ja ulatus on ebaregulaarne ning varieerub kogu rannikumaastikul, sõltudes tuule kiirusest ja suunast. Hiljutised hinnangud suhtelise meretaseme tõusu kohta kolmelt mõõnamõõturilt piki Eesti rannikut on järgmised: Tallinnas 1,5–1,7 mm a-1, Narva-Jõesuus 1,7–2,1 mm a-1 ja Pärnus 2,3–2,7 mm a-1 (Ward et al., 2014). Taimekoosluse klassifitseerimiseks ja biomassi prognoosimiseks analüüsiti üheksat rannikumärgala kolmes kohas Silma looduskaitsealal, kahes kohas Matsalu rahvuspargis ja neljas kohas Vormsi saarel. Neis kohtades esinevad kõik väitekirjas käsitletud taimekooslused. Uurimiskohtade taimekooslused liigitati vastavalt Burnside´i jt fütosotsioloogilisele klassifikatsioonile (2007): pilliroostik, võsasoo, madal rannik, kõrgrannik, pioneerliikidega paljakud, kõrgrohustu, võsa ja metsamaa. Võsasoo ning võsa ja metsamaa jäeti nende marginaalse esinemise tõttu uurimusest välja. Uurimistöö käigus tehti kaks erinevat analüüsi, kasutades UAV-ga kogutud multispektraal- ja rgb-fotosid. UAV multispektraalseid pilte kasutati taimekoosluste kaardistamiseks Silma looduskaitsealal Põhja-Tahu, Lõuna-Tahu ja Kudani rannaniidul (I). Järgnevalt kasutati multispektraalseid ja rgb-pilte kõrge ruumilise eraldusvõimega kaartide koostamiseks maapealse biomassi tuvastamiseks kõigis üheksas uuringukohas (II). Taimekoosluste kaardistamiseks (I) ja maapealse biomassi prognoosimiseks (II) kasutati otsustusmetsa klassifikatsiooni. Seejärel analüüsiti maapealse biomassi kaartide abil majandamisviisi ja intensiivsuse mõju rannaniitude heinamaade struktuurile (II). Teavet rannaniitude kasutusviisi kohta saadi maaomanikega isiklikult suheldes. Uurimistöö teises osas valiti mesokosmi katse jaoks kolm taimekooslust: pioneerliikidega paljakud, madal rannik ja kõrgrannik. Need kooslused valiti sealsete võtmeliikide spetsiifilise autökoloogilise kasvukohaeelistuse tõttu (nt soolsus ja mulla veesisaldus). Katsest välja jäetud pilliroostikus ja võsasoos domineerivad üleujutust taluvad liigid; kõrgrohustu kujutab endast maismaa ja märgalade ökosüsteemi vahelist kooslust, ning võsa on täielikult maismaa. Silma looduskaitsealal varuti Põhja-Tahu alalt 2018. aasta juunis kolmest valitud taimekooslusest 15 mätast (suurus 50 x 70 cm, paksus 30 cm). Mesokosmi katse varustus koosnes mahutitest (90L, mõõtmed 56 x 79 x 32 cm), mis olid täidetud 2:1:1 mullaseguga, mis koosneb pestud sõmera struktuuriga liivast, savist ja kompostist, mis on väga sarnane märgala põhjasubstraadiga. Mahutid numereeriti ja varustati vastava tähisega. Mahutid asusid kogu katse jooksul samal kohal. Katse käiku hinnati alalise gradueeritud 50 cm2 kvadraadi abil, mis jaotati 25 kvadraadiks (10 x 10 cm), ja määrati kindlaks muutused esinevate taimeliikide arvukuses pinnakatte pindala järgi (katteprotsent). Katse kestis kolme aastat veetaseme ja soolsuse tingimustes, mis tuletati kliimamuutuste prognoosidest 2100. aastaks. Liikide arvukus ja liigirikkus arvutati 2018., 2019. ja 2020. aastaks iga taimekoosluse kohta eraldi. Liigirikkuse erinevusi aastati ja kasvutingimuste suhtes hinnati Kruskal Wallise testiga, mis põhineb Bonferroni kohandustega Dunni testil, et tuvastada liigirikkuse erinevusi igal aastal. Liigilise arvukuse esitamiseks kasutati arvukuse kõveraid. Taimekoosluse koostise erinevuste uurimiseks kasutati permutatsioonilist mitmemõõtmelist analüüsi Bray-Curtise erinevusega. Aasta ristmõju analüüsis käsitleti töötlemisviisi fikseeritud mõju ja valimeid juhusliku mõjuna. Tulemused ja järeldused Rannaniitudel hinnati taimekoosluste levikut, maismaa biomassi ja taimestiku vertikaalset struktuuri. Fleissi kapa kordaja 0,89 põhjal kaardistati põhjalikult taimekooslused (I). Otsustusmetsa klassijärgsed vead näitavad, et homogeensema struktuuriga piirkondi on kergem klassifitseerida kui keerulise struktuuriga koosluseid. Otsustusmetsa algoritmi jõudlusanalüüs näitas, et biomassi hindamisel saadi parim tulemus, kui multispektraalne info kombineeriti fotogramm-meetriliselt loodud digitaalse maastikumudeliga (DTM, ingl digital terrain model) (II). Tulemused viitavad sellele, et mitme anduri kombinatsiooni saab kasutada ökosüsteemi omaduste mõõtmiseks, mida ainult spektraalinformatsiooni analüüsides ei pruugi tuvastada. Siinse uuringu maapealse biomassi prognooside suur täpsus näitab, et rannaniitude jälgimisel on kaugseire UAV-ga sobiv meetod. Struktuurianalüüsi tulemused näitasid, mil määral mõjutab biomassi jaotust karjatamise kestus ja heterogeensus. Pidevalt majandatavatele rohumaadele on iseloomulikud suuremad ja homogeensemad alad (II). Üldine lineaarne mudelianalüüs ja Mann-Whitney u-testid näitasid, kuidas taimtoidulised liigid mõjutavad rohumaa struktuuri. Rohumaad, millel karjatatakse erinevaid taimtoidulisi, on mitmekesisema struktuuriga kui veiste karjamaa (II). Mesokosmi katse tulemused näitasid, et kõigis kolmes Läänemere ranniku märgalade koosluses ilmnesid aja jooksul vee- ja soolsusrežiimis märkimisväärsed muutused, mis tõi esile taimeliikide reaktsiooni keskkonnamuutuste suhtes (III). Pioneerliikidega paljakutel suurenes liigirikkus ja taimkate kõigi keskkonnamuutuste korral, sellega võrreldes esines madalal rannikul ja kõrgrannikul nii veetaseme kui ka soolsusega seotud muutusi vähemal määral. Pioneerliikidega paljakuid mõjutab enamasti soolsus, seda isegi peamiselt sõmerast, keskmise fraktsiooniga ja peenest liivast koosnevas pinnases, mis säilitab vähem toitaineid kui peenema fraktsiooniga muld. Spergularia marina ja Glaux maritima aitasid kaasa liigirikkuse suurenemisele mulla suurenenud ja vähenenud soolsuse tingimustes. Üldiselt ei ilmnenud madala ranniku ja kõrgranniku taimekooslustes soolsuse muutumise korral olulisi muutusi võrreldes kontrollkatsega. Nendes kooslustes on liike, mis kasvavad nii soolases kui ka mittesoolases keskkonnas. Veetaseme muutus mõjutas pioneerliikidega paljakute taimekooslust sarnaselt soolsuse muutmisega. Selle koosluse liigirikkus suurenes kõrgema veetaseme korral, võrreldes kontrollkatsega. Kõrgema veetasemega kohanenud liike nagu Eleocharis palustris esines kõrgenenud veetaseme korral kolmandal aastal rohkem; alanenud vees leidus katse lõpus rohkem väiksema veevajadusega liike, nagu Glaux maritima ja Centaurium littorale. Madalal rannikul registreeriti madalama veetaseme korral liigirikkuse muutus, võrreldes kontrollkatsega. Aja jooksul toimuv liikide varieeruvus ilmnes vähese pinnakatvusega liikide puhul, nt ahenesid Carex flacca ja Triglochin palustris´e kasvukohad. Madal rannik asub veetasemelt pioneerliikidega paljaku ja kõrgranniku vahel ning see võib seletada, miks sealsed liigid taluvad mulla mitmesuguseid niiskustingimusi. Kõrgranniku koosluses vähenes kõrgenenud veetaseme korral liikide arv ja sellest tulenevalt ka liigirikkus; sealjuures laienesid vähese pinnakatvuse ja madala veetasemega kohastunud liikide Stellaria graminea ja Viola canina kasvukohad. See uurimus näitas, et ökoloogilistes uuringutes võib erinevate metoodikate kombinatsioon osutuda tõhusaks. Vaid vähestes uuringutes kombineeritakse ökosüsteemiprotsesside mõistmiseks erinevaid lähenemisviise, nt kaugseiret ja katseplatvorme, antud töös mesokosmi katset. Uued tehnoloogilised edusammud kaugseire vallas võivad lahendada küsimusi, millele vastuse leidmine traditsiooniliste ökoloogiliste meetodite abil oleks keeruline või ebapraktiline. Samas on traditsioonilise lähenemisviisiga, nt mesokosmi katsega saadud teadmised uue tehnoloogilise potentsiaali rakendamiseks väga vajalikud. Uurimus näitas, et UAV on sobiv vahend rannikurohumaade struktuuri ja taimekoosluste leviku täpse eraldusvõimega kaartide koostamiseks. Teisest küljest aitab mesokosmi katse mõista taimekoosluse koostise muutusi eri veetaseme ja soolsuse tingimustes.Publication of this thesis is supported by the Estonian University of Life Sciences and by the Doctoral School of Earth Sciences and Ecology created under the auspices of the European Social Fund
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