Enabling Entrepreneurial Ecosystems

Inspired by research on the importance of entrepreneurship for sustained economic growth and improved wellbeing, many governments and non-governmental grantmaking organizations have sought over the past decade to implement policies and programs intended to support entrepreneurs. Over this interval, growing appreciation of the limits of strategies focused narrowly on financing or training entrepreneurs has prompted a number of such entities to shift their efforts toward more broadbased strategies aimed at enabling "entrepreneurial ecosystems" at the city or sub-national regional scale.This paper takes the metaphor of the "ecosystem" seriously, seeking to draw lessons from evolutionary biology and ecology to inform policy for entrepreneurship. In so doing, the paper provides a framework for data gathering and analysis of practical value in assessing the vibrancy of entrepreneurial ecosystems

Assessing the Impact of Corporate Entrepreneurship in the Financial Performance of Subsidiaries of Colombian Business Groups: under Environmental Dynamism Moderation

Corporate entrepreneurship creates opportunities in employment, technological advances, value creation and cultural transformation for entrepreneurial ecosystems, entrepreneurs, governments, economies and societies around the globe. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of corporate entrepreneurship on the financial performance of subsidiaries in Colombian business groups under the moderating effect of the environmental dynamism, since the relationship between these two in emerging economies differs from developed economies. Using a cross-sectional Structural Equation Modeling analysis, this study assessed the impact of entrepreneurial orientation and corporate venturing on the financial performance of 87 subsidiaries of Colombian business groups at different levels of environmental dynamism. This study also confirmed that the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and performance is context-dependent, and that entrepreneurial orientation has a strong and positive causal relationship with corporate venturing. Additionally, it was observed that subsidiaries of Colombian business groups increase their financial performance when the entrepreneurial orientation does; and decrease the same when corporate venturing does. Furthermore, the results show that environmental dynamism does not have a moderating effect on the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship of subsidiaries in Colombian business groups and their performance. This dissertation would contribute to important areas in Latin American businesses, where such studies are scarce.El emprendimiento corporativo crea oportunidades de empleo, avances tecnológicos, creación de valor y transformación cultural para los ecosistemas empresariales, los empresarios, los gobiernos, las economías y las sociedades de todo el mundo. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto del emprendimiento corporativo en el desempeño financiero de las filiales de los grupos empresariales colombianos bajo el efecto moderador del dinamismo del ambiente de negocios, ya que la relación entre estos dos en las economías emergentes difiere de las economías desarrolladas. Utilizando un análisis transversal de Modelado de Ecuaciones Estructurales, este estudio evaluó el impacto de la orientación hacia el emprendimiento y el corporate venturing sobre el desempeño financiero de 87 subsidiarias de grupos empresariales colombianos en diferentes niveles de dinamismo del ambiente de negocios. Este estudio también confirmó que la relación entre el emprendimiento corporativo y el rendimiento depende del contexto, y que la orientación hacia el emprendimiento tiene una relación causal fuerte y positiva con el corporate venturing. Además, se observó que las filiales de los grupos empresariales colombianos aumentan su rendimiento financiero cuando lo hace la orientación hacia el emprendimiento; y disminuyen el mismo cuando lo hace el corporate venturing. Además, los resultados muestran que el dinamismo del ambiente de negocios no tiene un efecto moderador en la relación entre el emprendimiento corporativo de las filiales de los grupos empresariales colombianos y su desempeño. Esta disertación contribuye a áreas importantes en las empresas latinoamericanas, donde estos estudios son escasos

The impact of state-level R&D tax credits on the quantity and quality of entrepreneurship

The acceleration of start-up activity is often cited as a rationale for the R&D tax credit, a key innovation policy instrument adopted increasingly by US states over the past quarter century. While there is a strong empirical base linking the R&D tax credit to increased R&D expenditures and innovation, prior work has not provided causal evidence that this policy effects the rate of formation and growth potential of new businesses. This paper combines data from the US Startup Cartography Project with the Panel Database on Incentives and Taxes to implement a difference-in-differences estimate of the impact of the R&D tax credit on the quantity and quality-adjusted quantity of entrepreneurship. Our key finding is that the R&D tax credit is associated with a significant long-term impact on both the overall quantity and quality-adjusted quantity of entrepreneurship, with the bulk of the effect materializing more than five years after the policy is enacted. These findings stand in contrast to an analysis of the adoption of state-level investment tax credits. There, we observe no long-term impact on the quantity of entrepreneurship but a marked decline in the rate of formation of growth-oriented startups over time. Combined with other evidence regarding the efficacy of R&D tax credits in spurring innovative investment, our results shed light on the potential for this fiscal policy to also stimulate the formation of growth-oriented start-ups.Ewing Marion Kauffman FoundationPublished versio

Toward an entrepreneurial ecosystem research program

Entrepreneurial ecosystems have become a prominent concept, yet in its current state, the concept itself represents a paradox. While it draws on a rich intellectual history and provides an opportunity to synthesize different strands of research, it is also under-theorized and the mechanisms that govern ecosystem evolution are not well understood. This paper takes stock of recent advancements in ecosystem scholarship and synthesizes the empirical reality of the causal mechanisms. We use these dynamics to position ecosystems in a broader context, within and beyond the domain of entrepreneurship research, and propose a transdisciplinary research program for ecosystem research and practice

Entrepreneurial university ecosystems and graduates' career patterns: do entrepreneurship education programmes and university business incubators matter?

Purpose This paper provides insights about how graduates' career patterns (i.e. academic entrepreneur, self-employed or paid employed) are influenced by entrepreneurial university ecosystems (i.e. incubators and entrepreneurship education programs). Design/methodology/approach By adopting Douglas and Shepherd's utility-maximising function, the influence of one entrepreneurial university ecosystem on graduates' career choices was tested using a sample of 11,512 graduates from the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM) in Mexico. Findings Our results show the critical role of entrepreneurial universities ecosystems in facilitating employability options as academic entrepreneurship for ITESM's graduates. The study shows some insights about how graduates' risk aversion and work effort are positively influenced by the university business incubator and entrepreneurship education programs, respectively. Practical implications Diverse implications for stakeholders have emerged from our results. These implications are associated with potential benefits of implementing programmes oriented to engage academic entrepreneurship within Latin American universities. Originality/value Entrepreneurial universities provide a range of employability alternatives for their students, such as to be self-employed, academic entrepreneurs or paid employees. In this scenario, entrepreneurial universities have configured entrepreneurial ecosystems (educational programmes, business incubators and other infrastructures) to support potential entrepreneurs (students, academics, staff and alumni). Despite the relevance of the environmental conditions on individuals' occupational choices, few studies have explored the role of the entrepreneurial university ecosystems on graduates' employability. In this vein, our study contributes to some academic discussions: (1) the role of context on career choice models (Ilouga et al., 2014; Sieger and Monsen, 2015), (2) the role of incubators and entrepreneurship education on fostering academic entrepreneurship on the graduates' community (Nabi et al., 2017; Good et al., 2019; Guerrero and Urbano, 2019a) and (3) the effectiveness of the entrepreneurial university ecosystems on graduates' employability (Herrera et al., 2018; Wright et al., 2017)

Entrepreneurship and innovation logics: Fundamental Dilemma of Market Pull and Technology Push. A Case Study of leading Moroccan Cluster

Innovation constitutes a strategic dilemma for managers. It originally means new ideas implementation through a firm’s processes which take a form of innovation practices that managers must perform while facing some fundamental questions related to technological opportunities and market needs within a local or regional ecosystem. Often, entrepreneurs in an innovative milieu seek the equilibrium between technology-push and market pull logics to foster innovation, and achieve successful competition (E. Von Hippel, 1988; P.Anderson and M. L. Tushman, 1990). For a long time, the classical school of management had recognized that innovation strategies are a direct consequence of technology (technology push paradigm). Even so, some radical changes have occurred during the last past years and induced the increase of firm’s R&D expenditures, worldwide competition and short life cycle of inventions which in turn introduced a new kind of thought about innovation and entrepreneurial strategies (Schmidt, 2005; Sandmeier et al., 2004; Koen et al., 2001; Boeddrich, 2004). As result, appears a new paradigm called a dynamic model of innovation strategy (A shift from Technology-based to Market-driven innovation), while scholars and managers try to overcome all challenges that face entrepreneurs operating in high innovative and competitive milieu. In Morocco, the modern firm’s issues have taken the same importance as it happened elsewhere. That’s why public and private operators were thinking in a joint way the adequate framework to incubate new innovative SME’s and startups, especially in the industrial clusters. As a leading one, the M. Cluster of cosmetic and agri-food situated in the south of Morocco is presented as an individual case study of this theoretical work. The M. Cluster will help us to test the above paradigms and to understand in depth the structure, dynamics, and context of clusters in Morocco, using the information gathered with the qualitative method. Also, the present work will give us the ability to move from the analysis of a single case towards the comparative analysis of more cases.Innovation constitutes a strategic dilemma for managers. It originally means new ideas implementation through a firm’s processes which take a form of innovation practices that managers must perform while facing some fundamental questions related to technological opportunities and market needs within a local or regional ecosystem. Often, entrepreneurs in an innovative milieu seek the equilibrium between technology-push and market pull logics to foster innovation, and achieve successful competition (E. Von Hippel, 1988; P.Anderson and M. L. Tushman, 1990). For a long time, the classical school of management had recognized that innovation strategies are a direct consequence of technology (technology push paradigm). Even so, some radical changes have occurred during the last past years and induced the increase of firm’s R&D expenditures, worldwide competition and short life cycle of inventions which in turn introduced a new kind of thought about innovation and entrepreneurial strategies (Schmidt, 2005; Sandmeier et al., 2004; Koen et al., 2001; Boeddrich, 2004). As result, appears a new paradigm called a dynamic model of innovation strategy (A shift from Technology-based to Market-driven innovation), while scholars and managers try to overcome all challenges that face entrepreneurs operating in high innovative and competitive milieu. In Morocco, the modern firm’s issues have taken the same importance as it happened elsewhere. That’s why public and private operators were thinking in a joint way the adequate framework to incubate new innovative SME’s and startups, especially in the industrial clusters. As a leading one, the M. Cluster of cosmetic and agri-food situated in the south of Morocco is presented as an individual case study of this theoretical work. The M. Cluster will help us to test the above paradigms and to understand in depth the structure, dynamics, and context of clusters in Morocco, using the information gathered with the qualitative method. Also, the present work will give us the ability to move from the analysis of a single case towards the comparative analysis of more cases

Entrepreneurial ecosystems: a dynamic lifecycle model

The concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems has been used as a framework to explain entrepreneurial activities within regions and industrial sectors. Despite the usefulness of this approach, the concept is under-theorized, especially with regard to the evolution of entrepreneurial ecosystems. The current literature is lacking a theoretical foundation that addresses the development and change of entrepreneurial ecosystems over time and does not consider the inherent dynamics of entrepreneurial ecosystems that lead to their birth, growth, maturity, decline, and re-emergence. Taking an industry lifecycle perspective, this paper addresses this research gap by elaborating a dynamic entrepreneurial ecosystem lifecycle model. We propose that an ecosystem transitions from an entrepreneurial ecosystem, with a focus on new firm creation, towards a business ecosystem, with a core focus on the internal commercialization of knowledge, i.e., intrapreneurial activities, and vice versa. Our dynamic model thus captures the oscillation that occurs among entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs through the different phases of an ecosystem’s lifecycle. Our dynamic lifecycle model may thus serve as a starting point for future empirical studies focusing on ecosystems and provide the basis for a further understanding of the interrelatedness between and co-existence of new and incumbent firms

Model for evaluation of less-matured digital business ecosystems

The entrepreneurship philosophy assimilated shaped perfectly to the new reality provided by the emergence of the new technologies of information and communication, connecting people and organizations and narrowing the distance between them. With this distance shortage, entrepreneurship assumed a more local dimension than ever, promoting the emergence of smaller entrepreneurial ecosystems at a city-level, ceasing to be exclusive to big cities: the digital business ecosystems. These smaller communities are, therefore, unique and, due to the intrinsic factors of its location (society, culture, finance, politics, demography, etc.), validate the premise of placing the city as the center of the study of entrepreneurship. Recently, academical studies have been using this approach to analyze the entrepreneurial activity in cities, with the help of composite indexes which provide numerical comparisons between the cities. However, these studies tend to be focused on matured digital business ecosystems. As such, this dissertation is motivated by such lack of knowledge and analysis of less-matured digital business ecosystems. The aim of this study is to develop a model of comparison of less-matured digital business ecosystem to be applied in the southern and eastern European region and, with its results, analyze the patterns of such region. This dissertation is settled on a solid literature review followed by a study of the region selected to validate the conditions previously established. With this knowledge base, the model is developed following a strategy fitted with the characteristics of less-matured entrepreneurial ecosystems (configuration, themes, variables, weights, data processing and display). The final results are analyzed and used a base to conjecture about the region’s entrepreneurial activity. With this study, it was concluded that the strategy defined cannot be the same as the other more general models, and is crucial to attaining reliable results through this model with these particularities. Concerning with the final results, it was concluded that this region has potential to evolve its stage of entrepreneurial maturity, however, it currently lacks entrepreneurial culture and experience to fully enable input conditions to generate outputs aspired

Business dynamism and innovation capacity, an entrepreneurship worldwide perspective

This research aims to identify which factors best explain business dynamics and innovation capacity in the continents of Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and North America. To achieve this, data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the Global Competitiveness Report is used. The linear regression method is utilized with the stepwise procedure for data analysis. It is possible to ascertain that, with a view to increasing innovation capacity in the African continent, business leaders and managers should be acquainted with innovation studies to better understand technological advances. In relation to Asia, the detected models of business dynamism and capacity for innovation are positive. On the European continent, the results show that RIS3 has a positive impact on the capacity for innovation. In Latin America and the Caribbean, it seems that business dynamism and the capacity for innovation are negative and regional development policies should be more flexible. In North America, it appears that business dynamism and the capacity for innovation are negative. The research contributes with measures that can be applied by organizations and policymakers to these five continents to improve the performance of business dynamism and the capacity for innovation in their territories. The resulting data give originality to the research as well as important contributions, not only to the theory, but also to the entities (organizations and governments) acting in the field who can implement new policies, such as tax incentives to companies for the first purchase of high-tech equipment, products, or products with intellectual property rights developed by national companies and provide support policies directed to companies that purchase high-tech domestic equipment.(undefined