5G: 2020 and Beyond

The future society would be ushered in a new communication era with the emergence of 5G. 5G would be significantly different, especially, in terms of architecture and operation in comparison with the previous communication generations (4G, 3G...). This book discusses the various aspects of the architecture, operation, possible challenges, and mechanisms to overcome them. Further, it supports users? interac- tion through communication devices relying on Human Bond Communication and COmmunication-NAvigation- SENsing- SErvices (CONASENSE).Topics broadly covered in this book are; • Wireless Innovative System for Dynamically Operating Mega Communications (WISDOM)• Millimeter Waves and Spectrum Management• Cyber Security• Device to Device Communicatio

5G: 2020 and Beyond

The future society would be ushered in a new communication era with the emergence of 5G. 5G would be significantly different, especially, in terms of architecture and operation in comparison with the previous communication generations (4G, 3G...). This book discusses the various aspects of the architecture, operation, possible challenges, and mechanisms to overcome them. Further, it supports users? interac- tion through communication devices relying on Human Bond Communication and COmmunication-NAvigation- SENsing- SErvices (CONASENSE).Topics broadly covered in this book are; • Wireless Innovative System for Dynamically Operating Mega Communications (WISDOM)• Millimeter Waves and Spectrum Management• Cyber Security• Device to Device Communicatio

About the Use of Adaptive Antennas in 60 GHz UWB-OFDM Personal Area Network Transceivers

The recent opening of unlicensed spectrum around 60 GHz has raised the interest in designing gigabit Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). Since at 60 GHz the signal attenuation is strong, this band is basically suitable for short range wireless communications. It is understood that directional antennas can be employed to compensate for the path loss and combat the waste of power due to the scatter phenomena characteristic of these high frequencies. This thesis studies the use of adaptive array systems in 60 GHz Ultra Wide Band-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (UWB-OFDM) personal area network transceivers. The study has been conducted by simulations and theoretical analysis. Two sensor arrangements have been considered, the Uniform Linear Arrays (ULA) and the Uniform Circular Arrays (UCA), in the simple case of the Line of Sight (LOS) transmission scenario. On the one hand we have designed a IEEE 802.15.3c Medium Access Control (MAC) phased-array controller throughput using Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation to perform beamsteering. We have simulated the MAC controller with the network simulator ns-2. The impact of the array controller performance onto the achievable throughput of the wireless links has been studied to draw the requirements about the standard deviation of the DOA estimator. On the other hand, we have found the Cramér-Rao Bound (CRB) for DOA estimation of impinging 60 GHz OFDM sources. The requirements of the standard deviation of the DOA estimator are analysed against the CRB for DOA to validate the design of the directional 60 GHz UWB-OFDM transceivers. The comparison reveals that directional 60 GHz UWB-OFDM transceivers can achieve high wireless throughput with a number of pilot subcarriers and for a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) operating range typical of next generation WPAN

Application priority framework for fixed mobile converged communication networks

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.The current prospects in wired and wireless access networks, it is becoming increasingly important to address potential convergence in order to offer integrated broadband services. These systems will need to offer higher data transmission capacities and long battery life, which is the catalyst for an everincreasing variety of air interface technologies targeting local area to wide area connectivity. Current integrated industrial networks do not offer application aware context delivery and enhanced services for optimised networks. Application aware services provide value-added functionality to business applications by capturing, integrating, and consolidating intelligence about users and their endpoint devices from various points in the network. This thesis mainly intends to resolve the issues related to ubiquitous application aware service, fair allocation of radio access, reduced energy consumption and improved capacity. A technique that measures and evaluates the data rate demand to reduce application response time and queuing delay for multi radio interfaces is proposed. The technique overcomes the challenges of network integration, requiring no user intervention, saving battery life and selecting the radio access connection for the application requested by the end user. This study is split in two parts. The first contribution identifies some constraints of the services towards the application layer in terms of e.g. data rate and signal strength. The objectives are achieved by application controlled handover (ACH) mechanism in order to maintain acceptable data rate for real-time application services. It also looks into the impact of the radio link on the application and identifies elements and parameters like wireless link quality and handover that will influence the application type. It also identifies some enhanced traditional mechanisms such as distance controlled multihop and mesh topology required in order to support energy efficient multimedia applications. The second contribution unfolds an intelligent application priority assignment mechanism (IAPAM) for medical applications using wireless sensor networks. IAPAM proposes and evaluates a technique based on prioritising multiple virtual queues for the critical nature of medical data to improve instant transmission. Various mobility patterns (directed, controlled and random waypoint) has been investigated and compared by simulating IAPAM enabled mobile BWSN. The following topics have been studied, modelled, simulated and discussed in this thesis: 1. Application Controlled Handover (ACH) for multi radios over fibre 2. Power Controlled Scheme for mesh multi radios over fibre using ACH 3. IAPAM for Biomedical Wireless Sensor Networks (BWSN) and impact of mobility over IAPAM enabled BWSN. Extensive simulation studies are performed to analyze and to evaluate the proposed techniques. Simulation results demonstrate significant improvements in multi radios over fibre performance in terms of application response delay and power consumption by upto 75% and 15 % respectively, reduction in traffic loss by upto 53% and reduction in delay for real time application by more than 25% in some cases

Learning and Reasoning Strategies for User Association in Ultra-dense Small Cell Vehicular Networks

Recent vehicular ad hoc networks research has been focusing on providing intelligent transportation services by employing information and communication technologies on road transport. It has been understood that advanced demands such as reliable connectivity, high user throughput, and ultra-low latency required by these services cannot be met using traditional communication technologies. Consequently, this thesis reports on the application of artificial intelligence to user association as a technology enabler in ultra-dense small cell vehicular networks. In particular, the work focuses on mitigating mobility-related concerns and networking issues at different mobility levels by employing diverse heuristic as well as reinforcement learning (RL) methods. Firstly, driven by rapid fluctuations in the network topology and the radio environment, a conventional, three-step sequence user association policy is designed to highlight and explore the impact of vehicle speed and different performance indicators on network quality of service (QoS) and user experience. Secondly, inspired by control-theoretic models and dynamic programming, a real-time controlled feedback user association approach is proposed. The algorithm adapts to the changing vehicular environment by employing derived network performance information as a heuristic, resulting in improved network performance. Thirdly, a sequence of novel RL based user association algorithms are developed that employ variable learning rate, variable rewards function and adaptation of the control feedback framework to improve the initial and steady-state learning performance. Furthermore, to accelerate the learning process and enhance the adaptability and robustness of the developed RL algorithms, heuristically accelerated RL and case-based transfer learning methods are employed. A comprehensive, two-tier, event-based, system level simulator which is an integration of a dynamic vehicular network, a highway, and an ultra-dense small cell network is developed. The model has enabled the analysis of user mobility effects on the network performance across different mobility levels as well as served as a firm foundation for the evaluation of the empirical properties of the investigated approaches

D2.1 Performance evaluation framework

This deliverable contains a proposal for a performance evaluation framework that aims at ensuring that multiple projects within 5G-PPP wireless strand can quantitatively assess and compare the performance of different 5G RAN design concepts. The report collects the vision of several 5G-PPP projects and is conceived as a living document to be further elaborated along with the 5G-PPP framework workshops planned during 2016.Weber, A.; Agyapong, P.; Rosowski, T.; Zimmerman, G.; Fallgren, M.; Sharma, S.; Kousaridas, A.... (2016). D2.1 Performance evaluation framework. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.35447.2192

Antennas and Electromagnetics Research via Natural Language Processing.

Advanced techniques for performing natural language processing (NLP) are being utilised to devise a pioneering methodology for collecting and analysing data derived from scientific literature. Despite significant advancements in automated database generation and analysis within the domains of material chemistry and physics, the implementation of NLP techniques in the realms of metamaterial discovery, antenna design, and wireless communications remains at its early stages. This thesis proposes several novel approaches to advance research in material science. Firstly, an NLP method has been developed to automatically extract keywords from large-scale unstructured texts in the area of metamaterial research. This enables the uncovering of trends and relationships between keywords, facilitating the establishment of future research directions. Additionally, a trained neural network model based on the encoder-decoder Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) architecture has been developed to predict future research directions and provide insights into the influence of metamaterials research. This model lays the groundwork for developing a research roadmap of metamaterials. Furthermore, a novel weighting system has been designed to evaluate article attributes in antenna and propagation research, enabling more accurate assessments of impact of each scientific publication. This approach goes beyond conventional numeric metrics to produce more meaningful predictions. Secondly, a framework has been proposed to leverage text summarisation, one of the primary NLP tasks, to enhance the quality of scientific reviews. It has been applied to review recent development of antennas and propagation for body-centric wireless communications, and the validation has been made available for comparison with well-referenced datasets for text summarisation. Lastly, the effectiveness of automated database building in the domain of tunable materials and their properties has been presented. The collected database will use as an input for training a surrogate machine learning model in an iterative active learning cycle. This model will be utilised to facilitate high-throughput material processing, with the ultimate goal of discovering novel materials exhibiting high tunability. The approaches proposed in this thesis will help to accelerate the discovery of new materials and enhance their applications in antennas, which has the potential to transform electromagnetic material research