10 research outputs found
Models of Control Channels in the LTE System
DizertaÄnĂ prĂĄce se zabĂœvĂĄ zpracovĂĄnĂm signĂĄlu fyzickĂœch ĆĂdicĂch kanĂĄlĆŻ systĂ©mu LTE a vyĆĄetĆovĂĄnĂm bitovĂ© chybovosti pĆi pĆenosu ĆĂdicĂ informace z vysĂlaÄe do pĆijĂmaÄe v zĂĄvislosti na podmĂnkĂĄch pĆĂjmu. PrĂĄce je rozdÄlena do dvou hlavnĂch ÄĂĄstĂ. PrvnĂ ÄĂĄst prĂĄce je zamÄĆena na simulaci pĆenosu ĆĂdicĂ informace LTE v zĂĄkladnĂm pĂĄsmu. Jsou zde prezentovĂĄny vytvoĆenĂ© simulĂĄtory ĆĂdicĂch kanĂĄlĆŻ ve smÄru uplink i downlink. Simulace jsou provedeny pro vĆĄechny druhy nastavenĂ systĂ©mu a zĂĄkladnĂ modely pĆenosovĂ©ho prostĆedĂ. Jsou zde popsĂĄny vĂœsledky vlivu pouĆŸitĂ MIMO technologiĂ na kvalitu pĆĂjmu ĆĂdicĂ informace pĆedevĆĄĂm v ĂșnikovĂœch kanĂĄlech. DruhĂĄ ÄĂĄst prĂĄce je zamÄĆena na moĆŸnost nasazenĂ systĂ©mu LTE ve sdĂlenĂ©m pĂĄsmu ISM (2.4 GHz). Jsou zde pĆedstaveny zĂĄkladnĂ koncepce pouĆŸitĂ, na jejichĆŸ zĂĄkladÄ je vytvoĆen scĂ©nĂĄĆ simulacĂ. Kapitola dĂĄle popisuje tvorbu simulĂĄtoru koexistence LTE a systĂ©mu Wi-Fi v pĆenesenĂ©m pĂĄsmu ISM 2.4GHz. Jsou zde uvedeny vĂœsledky simulacĂ koexistence LTE a ruĆĄivĂ©ho systĂ©mu Wi-Fi provedenĂœch dle vytvoĆenĂ©ho scĂ©nĂĄĆe. VĂœsledky simulacĂ koexistence LTE a Wi-Fi jsou ovÄĆeny mÄĆenĂm v laboratornĂch podmĂnkĂĄch. Toto porovnĂĄnĂ je dĆŻleĆŸitĂ© z hlediska optimalizace simulĂĄtoru koexistence. Dle vĂœsledkĆŻ obou typĆŻ simulacĂ a mÄĆenĂ jsou stanovena provoznĂ doporuÄenĂ, kterĂĄ majĂ pĆispÄt k bezpeÄnĂ©mu a spolehlivĂ©mu vysĂlĂĄnĂ a pĆĂjmu ĆĂdicĂch informacĂ LTE i pĆi nepĆĂznivĂœch podmĂnkĂĄch pĆĂjmu.The doctoral thesis is focused on a signal processing in the LTE physical control channels and performance analysis of control information transmission according to receiving conditions. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part deals with simulation of the transmission of control information in baseband. The created simulators for uplink and downlink are presented. The simulations are performed for all possible system settings and various channel models. The MIMO influence on a quality of control information reception under fading channels is also presented. The second part of the thesis is focused on LTE utilization in shared channel ISM (2.4 GHz). The basic LTE application concept for ISM band is presented. This concept is fundamental to created simulation scenario. The chapter also presents the LTE and Wi-Fi coexistence simulator in 2.4 GHz ISM passband. The coexistence simulation are presented according to simulation scenario and the results are shown. The simulated coexistence analysis results are verified in laboratory environment. The comparison of the simulated and the measured coexistence analysis results is crucial for further optimization of the coexistence simulator. Recommendations for optimal and reliable operation of LTE are specified according to the simulated and the measured results. Recommendations should be useful to the reliable transmission of LTE control information in bad receiving conditions.
An Analytical Latency Model and Evaluation of the Capacity of 5G NR to Support V2X Services Using V2N2V Communications
5G has been designed to support applications such as connected and automated driving. To this aim, 5G includes a highly flexible New Radio (NR) interface that can be configured to utilize different subcarrier spacings (SCS), slot durations, scheduling, and retransmissions mechanisms. This flexibility can be exploited to support advanced V2X services with strict latency and reliability requirements using V2N2V (Vehicle-to-Network-to-Vehicles) communications instead of direct or sidelink V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle). To analyze this possibility, this paper presents a novel analytical model that estimates the latency of 5G at the radio network level. The model accounts for the use of different numerologies (SCS, slot durations and Cyclic Prefixes), modulation and coding schemes, full-slots or mini-slots, semi-static and dynamic scheduling, different retransmission mechanisms, and broadcast/multicast or unicast transmissions. The model has been used to first analyze the impact of different 5G NR radio configurations on the latency. We then identify which radio configurations and scenarios can 5G NR satisfy the latency and reliability requirements of V2X services using V2N2V communications. This paper considers cooperative lane changes as a case study. The results show that 5G can support advanced V2X services at the radio network level using V2N2V communications under certain conditions that depend on the radio configuration, bandwidth, service requirements and cell traffic load
Algorithms for 5G physical layer
There is a great activity in the research community towards the investigations of the various aspects of 5G at different protocol layers and parts of the network. Among all, physical
layer design plays a very important role to satisfy high demands in terms of data rates, latency, reliability and number of connected devices for 5G deployment. This thesis addresses
he latest developments in the physical layer algorithms regarding the channel coding, signal detection, frame synchronization and multiple access technique in the light of 5G use
cases. These developments are governed by the requirements of the different use case scenarios that are envisioned to be the driving force in 5G.
All chapters from chapter 2 to 5 are developed around the need of physical layer algorithms dedicated to 5G use cases. In brief, this thesis focuses on design, analysis, simulation and
he advancement of physical layer aspects such as 1. Reliability based decoding of short length Linear Block Codes (LBCs) with very good properties in terms of minimum hamming
istance for very small latency requiring applications. In this context, we enlarge the grid of possible candidates by considering, in particular, short length LBCs (especially extended CH codes) with soft-decision decoding; 2. Efficient synchronization of preamble/postamble in a short bursty frame using modified Massey correlator; 3. Detection of Primary User
activity using semiblind spectrum sensing algorithms and analysis of such algorithms under practical imperfections; 4. Design of optimal spreading matrix for a Low Density Spreading (LDS) technique in the context of non-orthogonal multiple access. In such spreading matrix, small number of elements in a spreading sequences are non zero allowing each user to
spread its data over small number of chips (tones), thus simplifying the decoding procedure using Message Passing Algorithm (MPA)
Advanced Technologies Enabling Unlicensed Spectrum Utilization in Cellular Networks
As the rapid progress and pleasant experience of Internet-based services, there is an increasing demand for high data rate in wireless communications systems. Unlicensed spectrum utilization in Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks is a promising technique to meet the massive traffic
demand. There are two effective methods to use unlicensed bands for delivering LTE traffic. One is offloading LTE traffic toWi-Fi. An alternative method is LTE-unlicensed (LTE-U), which aims to directly use LTE protocols and infrastructures over the unlicensed spectrum. It has also
been pointed out that addressing the above two methods simultaneously could further improve the system performance.
However, how to avoid severe performance degradation of the Wi-Fi network is a challenging issue of utilizing unlicensed spectrum in LTE networks. Specifically, first, the inter-system spectrum sharing, or, more specifically, the coexistence of LTE andWi-Fi in the same unlicensed
spectrum is the major challenge of implementing LTE-U. Second, to use the LTE and Wi-Fi integration approach, mobile operators have to manage two disparate networks in licensed and unlicensed spectrum. Third, optimization for joint data offloading to Wi-Fi and LTE-U in multi-
cell scenarios poses more challenges because inter-cell interference must be addressed.
This thesis focuses on solving problems related to these challenges. First, the effect of bursty traffic in an LTE and Wi-Fi aggregation (LWA)-enabled network has been investigated. To enhance resource efficiency, the Wi-Fi access point (AP) is designed to operate in both the native
mode and the LWA mode simultaneously. Specifically, the LWA-modeWi-Fi AP cooperates with the LTE base station (BS) to transmit bearers to the LWA user, which aggregates packets from both LTE and Wi-Fi. The native-mode Wi-Fi AP transmits Wi-Fi packets to those native Wi-Fi users that are not with LWA capability. This thesis proposes a priority-based Wi-Fi transmission scheme with congestion control and studied the throughput of the native Wi-Fi network, as well as the LWA user delay when the native Wi-Fi user is under heavy traffic conditions. The results
provide fundamental insights in the throughput and delay behavior of the considered network. Second, the above work has been extended to larger topologies. A stochastic geometry model has been used to model and analyze the performance of an MPTCP Proxy-based LWA network with intra-tier and cross-tier dependence. Under the considered network model and the activation conditions of LWA-mode Wi-Fi, this thesis has obtained three approximations for the density of active LWA-mode Wi-Fi APs through different approaches. Tractable analysis is provided for the downlink (DL) performance evaluation of large-scale LWA networks. The impact of different parameters on the network performance have been analyzed, validating the significant gain of using LWA in terms of boosted data rate and improved spectrum reuse. Third, this thesis also takes a significant step of analyzing joint multi-cell LTE-U and Wi-Fi network, while taking into account different LTE-U and Wi-Fi inter-working schemes. In particular, two technologies enabling data offloading from LTE to Wi-Fi are considered, including LWA and Wi-Fi offloading in the context of the power gain-based user offloading scheme. The LTE cells in this work are subject to load-coupling due to inter-cell interference. New system frameworks for maximizing the demand scaling factor for all users in both Wi-Fi and multi-cell LTE networks have been proposed. The potential of networks is explored in achieving optimal capacity with arbitrary topologies, accounting for both resource limits and inter-cell interference. Theoretical analyses have been proposed for the proposed optimization problems, resulting in algorithms that achieve global optimality. Numerical results show the algorithmsâ effectiveness and benefits of joint use of data offloading and the direct use of LTE over the unlicensed band. All the derived results in this thesis have been validated by Monte Carlo simulations in Matlab, and the conclusions observed from the results can provide guidelines for the future unlicensed spectrum utilization in LTE networks
Novel Wake-up Scheme for Energy-Efficient Low-Latency Mobile Devices in 5G Networks
Improved mobile device battery lifetime and latency mini-mization are
critical requirements for enhancing the mobile broadband services and user
experience. Long-term evolution (LTE) networks have adopted discontinuous
reception (DRX) as the baseline solution for prolonged battery lifetime.
However, in every DRX cycle, the mobile device baseband processing unit
monitors and decodes the control signaling, and thus all instances without any
actual data allocation leads to unnecessary energy consumption. This fact
together with the long start-up and power-down times can prevent adopting
frequent wake-up instants, which in turn leads to considerable latency. In this
work,a novel wake-up scheme is described and studied, to tackle the trade-off
between latency and battery lifetime in future 5G networks, seeking thus to
facilitate an always-available experience, rather than always-on. Analytical
and simulation-based results show that the proposed scheme is a promising
approach to control the user plane latency and energy consumption, when the
device is operating in the power saving mode. The aim of this article is to
describe the overall wake-up system operating principle and the associated
signaling methods,receiver processing solutions and essential implementation
aspects. Additionally, the advantages compared to DRX-based systems are shown
and demonstrated, through the analysis of the system energy-efficiency and
latency characteristics, with special emphasis on future 5G-grade mobile
device
Integrated wireless access and networking to support floating car data collection in vehicular networks
Collecting data from a large number of agents scattered over a region of interest is becoming an increasingly appealing paradigm to feed big data archives that lay the ground for a vast array of applications. Vehicular Floating Car Data (FCD) collection, a major representative of this paradigm, is a key enabler for a wide range of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) services and applications aiming at enhancing safety, efficiency and sustainability. Obtaining real time, high spacial and temporal resolution vehicular FCD information is becoming a reality thanks to the variety of communication platforms that are being deployed. Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) are the most prominent communication technologies able to support periodic and persistent FCD collection. DSRC technology was mainly proposed for safety applications and is specifically tailored for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). The first parts of this work are dedicated to assessing the suitability of DSRC to support FCD collection in real urban scenarios. We first study the basic communication paradigm that takes place in VANETs to populate vehiclesâ local data bases with FCD information, named beaconing, and the trade-off between the beaconing frequency and the congestion induced in the wireless shared channel used to exchange these beacons. The primary
metric to measure the information freshness inside every vehicleâs local data base is the Age-of-Information (AoI). We define an analytical model to evaluate the AoI of a VANET, given the connectivity graph of the vehicles, and validate the model by comparing it with realistic simulations of an urban area. Then, we propose an integrated DSRC-based protocol that disseminates queries and collects FCD messages from vehicles roaming in a quite large city area efficiently
and timely by using a single network structure, i.e., a multi-hop backbone network made up of only vehicle nodes. The proposed solution is distributed and adaptive to different traffic conditions, i.e., to different levels of vehicular traffic density. One of the main protocol advantages is that for the dissemination of queries it exploits an existing standardized data dissemination algorithm, namely the GeoNetworking Contention-Based Forwarding (CBF). The proposed protocol is evaluated with reference to a real urban environment. The main parameters are dimensioned and an insight into the protocol operation is given. One of the main outcomes of this part of the thesis is the confirmation of the fact that DSRC is suitable to support not only safety applications, but also periodic FCD collection. The main issue with DSRC is the low penetration rate. LTE on the other hand is pervasive and has been identified as a good candidate technology for non-safety applications. However, a high number of vehicles intermittently reporting their information via LTE can introduce a very high load on the LTE access network. The second part of this work addresses the design and performance evaluation of heterogeneous LTE-DSRC networking solutions to yield significant offloading of LTE â here, DSRC technology can support local data aggregation. We propose distributed clustering algorithms that use both LTE and DSRC networks in the cluster head selection process. We target robustness, optimizing the amount of data and the value
of the collection period, keeping in mind the goals of autonomous node operation and minimal coordination effort. Our results clearly indicate that it is crucial to consider parameters drawn from both networking platforms for selecting the right forwarders. We demonstrate that our solutions are able to significantly reduce the LTE channel utilization with respect to other state-of-the-art approaches. The impact of the proposed protocols on the DSRC channelsâ load is evaluated and proved to be quite small, so that it does not interfere with other VANET-specific messages
Dense wireless network design and evaluation â an aircraft cabin use case
One of the key requirements of fifth generation (5G) systems is having a connection to mobile
networks without interruption at anytime and anywhere, which is also known as seamless connectivity.
Nowadays, fourth generation (4G) systems, Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Long
Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A), are mature enough to provide connectivity to most terrestrial
mobile users. However, for airborne mobile users, there is no connection that exists
without interruption. According to the regulations, mobile connectivity for aircraft passengers
can only be established when the altitude of the aircraft is above 3000 m. Along with demands
to have mobile connectivity during a flight and the seamless connectivity requirement of 5G
systems, there is a notable interest in providing in-flight wireless services during all phases of
a flight. In this thesis, many issues related to the deployment and operation of the onboard
systems have been investigated.
A measurement and modelling procedure to investigate radio frequency (RF) propagation inside
an aircraft is proposed in this thesis. Unlike in existing studies for in-cabin channel characterization,
the proposed procedure takes into account the deployment of a multi-cell onboard
system. The proposed model is verified through another set of measurements where reference
signal received power (RSRP) levels inside the aircraft are measured. The results show that
the proposed model closely matches the in-cabin RSRP measurements. Moreover, in order to
enforce the distance between a user and an interfering resource, cell sectorization is employed
in the multi-cell onboard system deployment. The proposed propagation model is used to find
an optimum antenna orientation that minimizes the interference level among the neighbouring
evolved nodeBs (eNBs).
Once the optimum antenna deployment is obtained, comprehensive downlink performance evaluations
of the multi-cell, multi-user onboard LTE-A system is carried out. Techniques that are
proposed for LTE-A systems, namely enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (eICIC) and
carrier aggregation (CA), are employed in the system analysis. Different numbers of eNBs, antenna
mounting positions and scheduling policies are examined. A scheduling algorithm that
provides a good tradeoff between fairness and system throughput is proposed. The results show
that the downlink performance of the proposed onboard LTE-A system achieves not only 75%
of the theoretical limits of the overall system throughput but also fair user data rate performance,
irrespective of a passengerâs seat location.
In order to provide the seamless connectivity requirement of 5G systems, compatibility between
the proposed onboard system deployment and the already deployed terrestrial networks
is investigated. Simulation based analyses are carried out to investigate power leakage from
the onboard systems while the aircraft is in the parked position on the apron. According to
the regulations, the onboard system should not increase the noise level of the already deployed
terrestrial system by 1 dB. Results show that the proposed onboard communication system can
be operated while the aircraft is in the parked position on the apron without exceeding the 1 dB
increase in the noise level of the already deployed terrestrial 4G network. Furthermore, handover
parameters are obtained for different transmission power levels of both the terrestrial and
onboard systems to make the transition from one system to another without interruption while
a passenger boards or leaves the aircraft. Simulation and measurement based analyses show
that when the RSRP level of the terrestrial system is below -65 dBm around the aircraft, a
boarding passenger can be smoothly handed over to the onboard system and vice versa. Moreover,
in order to trigger the handover process without interfering with the data transmission, a
broadcast control channel (BCCH) power boosting feature is proposed for the in-cabin eNBs.
Results show that employing the BCCH power boosting feature helps to trigger the handover
process as soon as the passengers step on board the aircraft
Rate-Adaptation Based Congestion Control for Vehicle Safety Communications
This thesis deals with the scalability of Vehicle Safety Communications (VSC), where vehicles exchange periodic status messages to support future driver assistance applications. We systematically develop a design methodology for congestion control in VSC and present a resulting protocol named PULSAR. While previous works typically focused on controlling channel load only, we thereby integrate a concept which allows the adaptation to operate within the limits defined by safety applications