Proceedings XXII Congresso SIAMOC 2022

Il congresso annuale della Società Italiana di Analisi del Movimento in Clinica dà l’occasione a tutti i professionisti, dell’ambito clinico e ingegneristico, di incontrarsi, presentare le proprie ricerche e rimanere aggiornati sulle più recenti innovazioni nell’ambito dell’applicazione clinica dei metodi di analisi del movimento, al fine di promuoverne lo studio e le applicazioni cliniche per migliorare la valutazione dei disordini motori, aumentare l’efficacia dei trattamenti attraverso l’analisi quantitativa dei dati e una più focalizzata pianificazione dei trattamenti, ed inoltre per quantificare i risultati delle terapie correnti

Effects of deep brain stimulation on speech in patients with Parkinson’s disease and dystonia

Disorders affecting the basal ganglia can have a severe effect on speech motor control. The effect can vary depending on the pathophysiology of the basal ganglia disease but in general terms it can be classified as hypokinetic or hyperkinetic dysarthria. Despite the role of basal ganglia on speech, there is a marked discrepancy between the effect of medical and surgical treatments on limb and speech motor control. This is compounded by the complex nature of speech and communication in general, and the lack of animal models of speech motor control. The emergence of deep brain stimulation of basal ganglia structures gives us the opportunity to record systematically the effects on speech and attempt some assumptions on the role of basal ganglia on speech motor control. The aim of the present work was to examine the impact of bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) for Parkinson’s disease (PD) and globus pallidus internus (GPi-DBS) for dystonia on speech motor control. A consecutive series of PD and dystonia patients who underwent DBS was evaluated. Patients were studied in a prospective longitudinal manner with both clinical assessment of their speech intelligibility and acoustical analysis of their speech. The role of pre-operative clinical factors and electrical parameters of stimulation, mainly electrode positioning and voltage amplitude was systematically examined. In addition, for selected patients, tongue movements were studied using electropalatography. Aerodynamic aspects of speech were also studied. The impact of speech therapy was assessed in a subgroup of patients. The clinical evaluation of speech intelligibility one and three years post STN-DBS in PD patients showed a deterioration of speech, partly related to medially placed electrodes and high amplitude of stimulation. Pre-operative predictive factors included low speech intelligibility before surgery and longer disease duration. Articulation rather than voice was most frequently affected with a distinct dysarthria type emerging, mainly hyperkinetic-dystonic, rather than hypokinetic. Traditionally effective therapy for PD dysarthria had little to no benefit following STN-DBS. Speech following GPi-DBS for dystonia did not significantly change after one year of stimulation. A subgroup of patients showed hypokinetic features, mainly reduced voice volume and fast rate of speech more typical of Parkinsonian speech. Speech changes in both STN-DBS and GPi-DBS were apparent after six months of stimulation. This progressive deterioration of speech and the critical role of the electrical parameters of stimulation suggest a long-term effect of electrical stimulation of basal ganglia on speech motor control

Swayed by sound: sonic guidance as a neurorehabilitation strategy in the cerebellar ataxias

Cerebellar disease leads to problems in controlling movement. The most common difficulties are dysmetria and instability when standing. Recent understanding of cerebellar function has expanded to include non -motor aspects such as emotional, cognitive and sensory processing. Deficits in the acquisition and processing of sensory information are one explanation for the movement problems observed in cerebellar ataxia. Sensory deficits result in an inability to make predictions about future events; a primary function of the cerebellum. A question therefore, is whether augmenting or replacing sensory information can improve motor performance in cerebellar disease. This question is tested in this thesis by augmenting sensory information through the provision of an auditory movement guide.A variable described in motor control theory (tau) was used to develop auditory guides that were continuous and dynamic. A reaching experiment using healthy individuals showed that the timing of peak velocity, audiomotor coordination accuracy, and velocity of approach, could be altered in line with the movement parameters embedded in the auditory guides. The thesis then investigated the use of these sonic guides in a clinical population with cerebellar disease. Performance on neurorehabilitation exercises for balance control was tested in twenty people with cerebellar atrophy, with and without auditory guides. Results suggested that continuous, predictive, dynamic auditory guidance is an effective way of improving iii movement smoothness in ataxia (as measured by jerk). In addition, generating and swaying with imaginary auditory guides was also found to increase movement smoothness in cerebellar disease.Following the tests of instantaneous effects, the thesis then investigated the longterm consequences on motor behaviour of following a two -month exercise with auditory guide programme. Seven people with cerebellar atrophy were assessed pre - and post -intervention using two measures, weight -shifting and walking. The results of the weight -shifting test indicated that the sonic -guide exercise programme does not initiate long -term changes in motor behaviour. Whilst there were minor, improvements in walking, because of the weight -shifting results, these could not be attributed to the sonic guides. This finding confirms the difficulties of motor rehabilitation in people with cerebellar disease.This thesis contributes original findings to the field of neurorehabilitation by first showing that on -going and predictive stimuli are an appropriate tool for improving motor behaviour. In addition, the thesis is the first of its kind to apply externally presented guides that convey continuous meaningful information within a clinical population. Finally, findings show that sensory augmentation using the auditory domain is an effective way of improving motor coordination in some forms of cerebellar disease

Development of Markerless Systems for Automatic Analysis of Movements and Facial Expressions: Applications in Neurophysiology

This project is focused on the development of markerless methods for studying facial expressions and movements in neurology, focusing on Parkinson’s disease (PD) and disorders of consciousness (DOC). PD is a neurodegenerative illness that affects around 2% of the population over 65 years old. Impairments of voice/speech are among the main signs of PD. This set of impairments is called hypokinetic dysarthria, because of the reduced range of movements involved in speech. This reduction can be visible also in other facial muscles, leading to a hypomimia. Despite the high percentage of patients that suffer from dysarthria and hypomimia, only a few of them undergo speech therapy with the aim to improve the dynamic of articulatory/facial movements. The main reason is the lack of low cost methodologies that could be implemented at home. DOC after coma are Vegetative State (VS), characterized by the absence of self-awareness and awareness of the environment, and Minimally Conscious State (MCS), in which certain behaviors are sufficiently reproducible to be distinguished from reflex responses. The differential diagnosis between VS and MCS can be hard and prone to a high rate of misdiagnosis (~40%). This differential diagnosis is mainly based on neuro-behavioral scales. A key role to plan the rehabilitation in DOC patients is played by the first diagnosis after coma. In fact, MCS patients are more prone to a consciousness recovery than VS patients. Concerning PD the aim is the development of contactless systems that could be used to study symptoms related to speech and facial movements/expressions. The methods proposed here, based on acoustical analysis and video processing techniques could support patients during speech therapy also at home. Concerning DOC patients the project is focused on the assessment of reflex and cognitive responses to standardized stimuli. This would allow objectifying the perceptual analysis performed by clinicians

Eye Movement Metrics in the Differentiation of Parkinsonian Syndromes.

Oční pohyby v diferenciaci parkinsonských syndromů MUDr. Cecilia Bonnet Shrnutí dizertační práce pro obhajobu PhD., Univerzita Karlova, Praha 2017 V této práci jsme zkoumali konjugované a dyskonjugované oční pohyby (EM) u Parkinsonovy nemoci (PD) a dalších parkinsonských syndromů s cílem charakterizovat a diferencovat některé aspekty jejich okulomotoriky pomocí infračervené videookulografie (VOG). Nejprve jsme zveřejnili přehledový článek popisující klinické vyšetření očních pohybů a interpretaci hlavních nálezů. Poté jsme zkoumali sakadické a sledovací oční pohyby v horizontálním a vertikálním směru ve velké skupině zdravých subjektů s cílem získat vlastní normy a pomoci okulografickým laboratořím při sestavování vlastních norem. Dospěli jsme k závěru, že věk, ale nikoliv pohlaví nebo vzdělání ovlivňuje metriky EM. Zvyšuje se latence sakád a chybovost antisakád, zatímco rychlost a zisk se s věkem snižují. Ve třetím projektu jsme se zaměřili na časté zrakové obtíže pacientů s PD, zejména rozmazané vidění na blízko a zrakové nepohodlí při čtení. Objektivně jsme poprvé zkoumali vergenční oční pohyby (VEM) u pacientů s PD s použitím VOG. Pacienti vykazují zvýšenou latenci VEM a divergence je pomalá a hypometrická. Intraoperační mikroelektrodový záznam jednotkové neuronální aktivity v bazálních gangliích u...Eye Movement Metrics in the Differentiation of Parkinsonian Syndromes Cecilia Bonnet, MD Summary of thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D., Charles University, Prague 2017 In this thesis we investigated conjugate and dis-conjugate eye movements (EM) in Parkinson's disease (PD) and other parkinsonian syndromes aiming to characterize and differentiate some aspects of their oculomotricity using infrared video-oculography. First of all we published a practical review for medical students and clinicians describing clinical examination of eye movements, and interpretation of principal findings. Then we examined principal saccadic eye movements and smooth pursuit in the horizontal and vertical directions with video-oculography in a large group of healthy subjects, aiming to help new oculomotor laboratories in the constitution of their own norms. We conclude that age influence EM metrics but not gender or education level. The latency of saccades and the error rate of antisaccaes increases, while the velocity and gain diminishes with age. Saccades should be investigated in the horizontal and vertical plane because they are influenced by the direction of the target, resulting in a right/left and up/down asymmetry. In a third project we focused on a frequent complain of PD patients, namely blurred near vision and...Department of Neurology First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in PragueNeurologická klinika 1. LF UK a VFN v PrazeFirst Faculty of Medicine1. lékařská fakult

Implication du système dopaminergique nigrostriatal dans l'apprentissage d'habiletés motrices chez l'humain

L'apprentissage moteur est un type d'apprentissage procédural représenté par l'acquisition progressive d'une habileté motrice ou sensorimotrice. Ce genre d'apprentissage implique des expositions répétées à une tâche ou à une situation invariable. Les substrats anatomiques sous-jacents à l'apprentissage moteur sont de mieux en mieux documentés. Certains auteurs suggèrent que le striatum est impliqué dans un processus de modification des programmes moteurs en fonction des paramètres de la situation. Des résultats obtenus au cours des dernières années suggèrent un rôle déterminant de la dopamine dans ce processus d'apprentissage. Les deux articles proposés dans le cadre de cette thèse visent à préciser ce phénomène en étudiant le rôle du système dopaminergique nigrostrié dans l'apprentissage moteur. Le premier article évalue les capacités d'apprentissage moteur de patients schizophrènes traités soit avec de l'halopéridol (un antipsychotique classique) ou avec de l'olanzapine (un antipsychotique atypique). Les capacités d'apprentissage de ces patients sont évaluées par l'entremise d'une tâche de poursuite rotative. Les résultats obtenus sont mis en relation avec une mesure in vivo du niveau de saturation des récepteurs dopaminergiques D₂ du striatum. Le niveau de saturation des récepteurs dopaminergiques est évalué grâce à un examen tomographique par émission monophotonique (TEMP) couplé à l'administration d'Iodine 123-iodobenzamide (¹²³ I-IBZM). Les résultats obtenus montrent que les capacités d'apprentissage moteur des patients traités avec halopéridol sont affectées en comparaison de celles de sujets contrôles. Aucune différence n'est remarquée lorsque la performance des patients traités avec olanzapine est comparée à celle des sujets du groupe contrôle. Dans le groupe halopéridol, une corrélation significative est observée entre les déficits d'apprentissage moteur et le niveau d'occupation des récepteurs D₂ du striatum. Dans le second article, l'impact de la médication dopaminergique sur les capacités d'adaptation sensorimotrice de patients parkinsoniens est étudié. Les patients sont évalués avec et sans leur régime habituel de lévodopa à un délai test re-test de 24 heures. Cette étude permet de préciser le rôle de la déplétion dopaminergique nigrostriatale. Sur le plan fonctionnel, cette étude s'intéresse également à l'hypothèse d'une implication dopaminergique striatale dans le processus d'inhibition des anciens mouvements au profit des nouveaux, qui sont mieux adaptés. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les patients persistent à effectuer les mouvements anciens lorsqu'ils sont privés de lévodopa. Ces sujets s'adaptent peu à la tâche malgré les essais répétés. Ce phénomène n'apparaît pas si le traitement dopaminergique est réinstauré. De façon générale, les résultats obtenus dans le cadre de ces études montrent un lien direct et un rôle prépondérant de la dopamine striatale dans l'apprentissage de séquences motrices et dans l'adaptation sensorimotrice. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Apprentissage moteur, Apprentissage de séquences motrices, Adaptation sensorimotrice, SPECT, Dopamine, Récepteurs D2, Striatum, Schizophrénie, Maladie de Parkinson, Neuroleptiques, Lévodopa

Haptics Rendering and Applications

There has been significant progress in haptic technologies but the incorporation of haptics into virtual environments is still in its infancy. A wide range of the new society's human activities including communication, education, art, entertainment, commerce and science would forever change if we learned how to capture, manipulate and reproduce haptic sensory stimuli that are nearly indistinguishable from reality. For the field to move forward, many commercial and technological barriers need to be overcome. By rendering how objects feel through haptic technology, we communicate information that might reflect a desire to speak a physically- based language that has never been explored before. Due to constant improvement in haptics technology and increasing levels of research into and development of haptics-related algorithms, protocols and devices, there is a belief that haptics technology has a promising future

Home-based handwriting therapy programme for seniors: pilot study

Name, Surname: Bc. Simona Tomášová Supervisor: Bc. Mária Krivošíková, M.Sc Title: Home-based handwriting therapy programme for seniors: pilot study Abstract: Writing is one of the important skills that is used in everyday life. Significant problems with writing in the elderly occur due to a health problem rather than as a result of natural ageing. There are not enough materials in the Czech Republic to train functional writing in adults and seniors. The aim of this thesis is to design a home-based therapy programme aimed at training functional writing for seniors and to test its feasibility from the perspective of occupational therapists and clients. To accomplish the objective, four research questions are chosen for the thesis. The thesis developed a workbook for writing training which consists of several parts, the worksheets are divided into three levels of difficulty. This therapeutic material was subsequently validated with clients and therapists. The method of case studies was chosen. Four clients participated in the therapeutic programme and it lasted for four weeks. The Handwriting Assessment Battery for Adults and the Box and Block Test were used to evaluate the results of the case studies. The therapeutic material was also evaluated by three therapists. The therapists tested the...DIPLOMOVÉ PRÁCE Jméno, příjmení: Bc. Simona Tomášová Vedoucí práce: Bc. Mária Krivošíková, M.Sc Název bakalářské práce: Návrh a pilotní ověření domácího programu grafomotoriky pro seniory Abstrakt diplomové práce: Psaní je jedna z důležitých dovedností, která je využívána v běžném životě. Výraznější problémy s psaním u seniorů nastávají spíše z důvodu nějakého zdravotního problému než jako důsledek přirozeného stárnutí. V České republice není dostatek materiálů k tréninku funkčního psaní u dospělých osob a seniorů. Cílem této diplomové práce je návrh domácího cvičení zaměřeného na trénink funkčního psaní u seniorů a ověření jeho proveditelnosti z pohledu ergoterapeutů a klientů. Pro naplnění cíle jsou zvoleny čtyři výzkumné otázky diplomové práce. V rámci diplomové práce byl vytvořen pracovní sešit k tréninku psaní, který se skládá z několika částí, pracovní listy jsou rozděleny do třech úrovní obtížnosti. Tento terapeutický materiál byl následně ověřen u klientů a terapeutů. Byla zvolena metoda případových studií. Terapeutického programu se zúčastnili čtyři klienti a trval po dobu čtyř týdnů. K vyhodnocení výsledů případových studí byl využit test Handwriting Assessment Battery for Adults a Box and Block Test. Terapeutický materiál byl zároveň hodnocen třemi terapeuty. Terapeuti testovali pracovní...Klinika rehabilitačního lékařství 1. LF UK a VFNDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in PragueFirst Faculty of Medicine1. lékařská fakult

Rehabilitation Outcome Following Acute Stroke: Considering Ideomotor Apraxia

Stroke is a leading cause of death and the leading cause of adult disability in the United States affecting approximately 795,000 people yearly. Stroke sequelae often span multiple domains, including motor, cognitive, and sensory subsystems. Impairments can contribute to difficulty participating in activities of daily living (ADLs) and translate into disability - a concern for patients and occupational therapists alike. The role of ideomotor apraxia (IMA) in stroke rehabilitation is unclear. Thus, the purpose of these two studies is to investigate stroke rehabilitation outcome while considering the presence of ideomotor apraxia. Stroke causes dysfunctional movement patterns arising from an array of potential etiologies. Agreement exists that understanding the patient's functioning serves as the basis for the rehabilitation process and it is insufficient for clinicians simply to determine functional movement problems without knowing how underlying impairments contribute. Stroke-induced paresis is a prevalent impairment and frequent target of traditional rehabilitation. Stroke rehabilitation often addresses paresis narrowly with little consideration for other stroke consequences. Ideomotor apraxia is one such disorder after stroke that could conceivably limit rehabilitation benefit of otherwise efficacious treatment interventions aimed at remediating paresis. This led us to an initial study of a subject who experienced a single left, ischemic stroke with paresis of his right upper extremity and comorbid ideomotor apraxia. The subject participated in combined physical and mental practice for six consecutive weeks to improve use of his right arm. After intervention, the subject demonstrated clinically significant improvements in functional performance of his more-affected right upper extremity and reported greater self-perception of performance. The subject continued to demonstrate improvements after four weeks with no intervention and despite persistent IMA. This single case report highlights the importance of recognizing that ideomotor apraxia does present after stroke, and traditional stroke rehabilitation efforts directed at paresis can be efficacious for subjects with IMA. Traditional beliefs suggested that ideomotor apraxia does not translate to disability in everyday life and that IMA resolves spontaneously. Despite accumulating evidence of the influence of IMA on functional ability, this topic remains relatively neglected. It is unclear how ideomotor apraxia affects the rehabilitation process. The second study reports rehabilitation outcomes of a group of subjects following acute stroke. The Florida Apraxia Battery gesture-to-verbal command test was used to detect IMA in subjects. Level of independence with a set of ADLs and motor impairment of the more-affected upper extremity was documented at admission and discharge. Study subjects participated in standard of care stroke rehabilitation in the inpatient rehabilitation units. A total of fifteen subjects who sustained a left hemisphere stroke participated in this study - ten with IMA and five without IMA. After rehabilitation, subjects with IMA improved ADL independence and displayed decreased motor impairment of their right upper extremity. Subjects with and without IMA exhibited comparable improvements in ADL independence, but subjects with IMA exhibited less ADL independence upon when compared to subjects without IMA. Additional findings suggested that subjects with IMA were not different with respect to motor impairments and length of stay; however, additional studies with larger sample sizes are needed. In summary, these two studies aid to elucidate the implications of ideomotor apraxia on traditional stroke rehabilitation efforts. Study subjects with ideomotor apraxia after acute stroke still derive benefit from traditional rehabilitation. Because traditional rehabilitation interventions narrowly target motor impairment, these findings support the need for considering IMA as a factor in developing interventions tailored to patients with IMA and possibly as a specific focus for interventions. A step toward addressing this need is to assess whether IMA is present after stroke on a regular basis. This work provides a framework for researchers and clinicians to investigate further how ideomotor apraxia translates into disability. These findings are important since consideration of ideomotor apraxia could influence selection and design of rehabilitation interventions to optimize patient daily functioning after stroke

A virtual hand assessment system for efficient outcome measures of hand rehabilitation

Previously held under moratorium from 1st December 2016 until 1st December 2021.Hand rehabilitation is an extremely complex and critical process in the medical rehabilitation field. This is mainly due to the high articulation of the hand functionality. Recent research has focused on employing new technologies, such as robotics and system control, in order to improve the precision and efficiency of the standard clinical methods used in hand rehabilitation. However, the designs of these devices were either oriented toward a particular hand injury or heavily dependent on subjective assessment techniques to evaluate the progress. These limitations reduce the efficiency of the hand rehabilitation devices by providing less effective results for restoring the lost functionalities of the dysfunctional hands. In this project, a novel technological solution and efficient hand assessment system is produced that can objectively measure the restoration outcome and, dynamically, evaluate its performance. The proposed system uses a data glove sensorial device to measure the multiple ranges of motion for the hand joints, and a Virtual Reality system to return an illustrative and safe visual assistance environment that can self-adjust with the subject’s performance. The system application implements an original finger performance measurement method for analysing the various hand functionalities. This is achieved by extracting the multiple features of the hand digits’ motions; such as speed, consistency of finger movements and stability during the hold positions. Furthermore, an advanced data glove calibration method was developed and implemented in order to accurately manipulate the virtual hand model and calculate the hand kinematic movements in compliance with the biomechanical structure of the hand. The experimental studies were performed on a controlled group of 10 healthy subjects (25 to 42 years age). The results showed intra-subject reliability between the trials (average of crosscorrelation ρ = 0.7), inter-subject repeatability across the subject’s performance (p > 0.01 for the session with real objects and with few departures in some of the virtual reality sessions). In addition, the finger performance values were found to be very efficient in detecting the multiple elements of the fingers’ performance including the load effect on the forearm. Moreover, the electromyography measurements, in the virtual reality sessions, showed high sensitivity in detecting the tremor effect (the mean power frequency difference on the right Vextensor digitorum muscle is 176 Hz). Also, the finger performance values for the virtual reality sessions have the same average distance as the real life sessions (RSQ =0.07). The system, besides offering an efficient and quantitative evaluation of hand performance, it was proven compatible with different hand rehabilitation techniques where it can outline the primarily affected parts in the hand dysfunction. It also can be easily adjusted to comply with the subject’s specifications and clinical hand assessment procedures to autonomously detect the classification task events and analyse them with high reliability. The developed system is also adaptable with different disciplines’ involvements, other than the hand rehabilitation, such as ergonomic studies, hand robot control, brain-computer interface and various fields involving hand control.Hand rehabilitation is an extremely complex and critical process in the medical rehabilitation field. This is mainly due to the high articulation of the hand functionality. Recent research has focused on employing new technologies, such as robotics and system control, in order to improve the precision and efficiency of the standard clinical methods used in hand rehabilitation. However, the designs of these devices were either oriented toward a particular hand injury or heavily dependent on subjective assessment techniques to evaluate the progress. These limitations reduce the efficiency of the hand rehabilitation devices by providing less effective results for restoring the lost functionalities of the dysfunctional hands. In this project, a novel technological solution and efficient hand assessment system is produced that can objectively measure the restoration outcome and, dynamically, evaluate its performance. The proposed system uses a data glove sensorial device to measure the multiple ranges of motion for the hand joints, and a Virtual Reality system to return an illustrative and safe visual assistance environment that can self-adjust with the subject’s performance. The system application implements an original finger performance measurement method for analysing the various hand functionalities. This is achieved by extracting the multiple features of the hand digits’ motions; such as speed, consistency of finger movements and stability during the hold positions. Furthermore, an advanced data glove calibration method was developed and implemented in order to accurately manipulate the virtual hand model and calculate the hand kinematic movements in compliance with the biomechanical structure of the hand. The experimental studies were performed on a controlled group of 10 healthy subjects (25 to 42 years age). The results showed intra-subject reliability between the trials (average of crosscorrelation ρ = 0.7), inter-subject repeatability across the subject’s performance (p > 0.01 for the session with real objects and with few departures in some of the virtual reality sessions). In addition, the finger performance values were found to be very efficient in detecting the multiple elements of the fingers’ performance including the load effect on the forearm. Moreover, the electromyography measurements, in the virtual reality sessions, showed high sensitivity in detecting the tremor effect (the mean power frequency difference on the right Vextensor digitorum muscle is 176 Hz). Also, the finger performance values for the virtual reality sessions have the same average distance as the real life sessions (RSQ =0.07). The system, besides offering an efficient and quantitative evaluation of hand performance, it was proven compatible with different hand rehabilitation techniques where it can outline the primarily affected parts in the hand dysfunction. It also can be easily adjusted to comply with the subject’s specifications and clinical hand assessment procedures to autonomously detect the classification task events and analyse them with high reliability. The developed system is also adaptable with different disciplines’ involvements, other than the hand rehabilitation, such as ergonomic studies, hand robot control, brain-computer interface and various fields involving hand control