Epidemiological and awareness study of tuberculosis in Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the serious infectious diseases and has been characterized worldwide as an epidemic by World Health Organization (WHO). TB is still a public health problem in Malaysia. Baseline information on the disease situation is one of the prerequisites for the development of appropriate control measures. The cornerstone in proper management of TB patients is ensuring high awareness in communities about TB. Thus the current research is directed to investigate the epidemiology of TB, determined the level of public awareness of TB and some factors that are responsible for the emergence of TB. Retrospective method was used for collecting epidemiological data from the Batu Pahat chest clinic. All registered TB patients (total of 1213 patients) from 2008 to 2013 in Batu Pahat Chest Clinic were included in the study. On the other hand, the awareness study was carried out by the use of questionnaires. A two-stage cluster sampling method was used. 600 respondents were targeted which form the study sample. However, 498 questionnaires were returned. Descriptive data analysis was employed to describe the results in frequency and percentage distribution. It was discovered that there was an annually increase in TB incidence with pulmonary TB the most common infection in Batu Pahat. Almost all (92.7%) the TB cases were new. On the other hand, majority (87.0%) of respondents have heard about TB. Common symptoms identified by respondents were coughing for over 2 weeks (51.8%), hemoptysis (49.2%) and difficulty in breathing (50.2%). Smoking cigarette (74.3%), living with individual having chronic cough (71.5%) and HIV/AIDS (65.7%) were the common risk factors of TB identified by respondents. Most of the respondents (83.5%) were aware of the existence of TB drugs. However, the standard DOTs treatment duration of 6-9 months was identified by few (12.4%) respondents. This research provided information regarding TB status in Batu Pahat. The level of awareness among Batu Pahat general public about TB is fairly good. Meanwhile, more need to be done especially on diabetes as the risk factors of TB and treatment duration

Development of a novel Fast-Warm stamping (FWS) technology for manufacturing high-strength steel components

Hot and warm stamping are preferable sheet metal forming technologies used in manufacturing high-strength parts with the twofold objectives of reducing fuel consumption and improving automotive crashworthiness. Great efforts have been made to improve the production rate in these processes and it is difficult to further improve productivity. Therefore, the development of new forming technologies may be an alternative solution to form high-strength steels into complex shapes whilst reducing the cycle time. The present work aims to develop a novel lightweight forming technology, namely fast-warm stamping (FWS) technique, to manufacture high-strength steel components with the desired properties. The concept of this process is to utilise ultra-fast heating of a steel blank to an appropriate temperature, whilst minimising the major negative changes to microstructure which are detrimental to the post-form strength. Mechanical properties such as ductility and post-form strength (PFS) of the MS-W900Y1180T (MS1180) steel were examined via uniaxial tensile tests at various temperatures (25–500°C) and strain rates (0.01–5/s). Special attention has been afforded to the effect of heating rate on thermo-mechanical properties and microstructure of the MS1180 steel with different heating rates. The results suggest that the ductility and post-form hardness of the MS1180 steel were simultaneously improved by 25.7% and 5%, with an increase in heating rate from 1 to 150°C/s. The increased hardness is attributed to the finer precipitated carbides and lower recovery at fast heating rate conditions, which was validated by microstructural observations. The validation of the FWS technology was conducted by forming U-shaped components through a dedicated pilot production line caller Uni-form. The fast-warm stamped components exhibited over 92% mechanical strength of the original as-received material consisting of 1140MPa post-form strength and 370HV hardness. The overall manufacturing cycle time in the FWS process was within 10 seconds. Springback of the formed parts under FWS conditions IV was successfully characterized at various temperatures and forming speeds. Close agreements were achieved between the experimental and simulated results for temperature, thickness distribution and springback prediction of the formed parts which validated the accuracy of the developed finite element (FE) model. FWS technology is a promising solution to manufacture components with desirable mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy. In this work, a feasibility study of the FWS technology was extended from martensitic steels to 60Si2Mn spring steel by producing commercialized disc springs. A separate forming tool set with a replaceable forming surface was developed to reduce manufacturing cost. Experimental results showed that a disc spring was successfully formed using the proposed forming process with the required dimensional precision, post-form strength and surface roughness. This forming technique has shown to enable a tremendous reduction of overall cycle time from 30 minutes to less than 20 seconds and subsequent productivity improvement for a mass-production setting.Open Acces

Impulse-Based Manufacturing Technologies

In impulse-based manufacturing technologies, the energy required to form, join or cut components acts on the workpiece in a very short time and suddenly accelerates workpiece areas to very high velocities. The correspondingly high strain rates, together with inertia effects, affect the behavior of many materials, resulting in technological benefits such as improved formability, reduced localizing and springback, extended possibilities to produce high-quality multi material joints and burr-free cutting. This Special Issue of JMMP presents the current research findings, which focus on exploiting the full potential of these processes by providing a deeper understanding of the technology and the material behavior and detailed knowledge about the sophisticated process and equipment design. The range of processes that are considered covers electromagnetic forming, electrohydraulic forming, adiabatic cutting, forming by vaporizing foil actuators and other impulse-based manufacturing technologies. Papers show significant improvements in the aforementioned processes with regard to: Processes analysis; Measurement technique; Technology development; Materials and modelling; Tools and equipment; Industrial implementation

Investigations on the influence of dry lubes in warm forming of high and ultra-high strength steels

Forming limits of ultra-high strength steel can be increased significantly by warm forming operations. Beside the positive effect of reduced forming forces, also an increase of friction coefficient can be observed for elevated temperatures. For temperatures up to 600°C oils are not appropriate to decrease friction and can´t be used. Taking this into account dry lubes like graphite or boron nitride, which are temperature stable for these temperatures, have to be characterized as lubricant

Development of high efficiency high speed permanent magnet generator

Renewable energy technology is steadily gaining importance in the energy market because of the limited nature of fossil fuels, as well as the political pressures to reduce carbon emissions. To ensure sustainable development, adequate and affordable energy should be made available to satisfy the demand of electric energy. The High Speed Permanent Magnet (HSPM) generator is designed and developed and is expected to deliver 10 kW output power as well as to achieve a speed of 30000 RPM, however, to achieve a compact and efficient design with lower excitation losses, magnetizing currents and rotor losses requires the HSPM generator to be operated at high rated speeds of approximately 30000 RPM. However, at high speeds these machines produce a substantial amount of heat. This makes the thermal management of these machines difficult and complicated, which leads to demagnetization and the reduction of the output power and shortens the lifetime of the critical components such as the bearings. This thesis presents the design and development of the HSPM generator. It also identifies the heat generated by means of electromagnetic, mechanical and core losses. The development of an adequate cooling system (cooling jacket) is presented to avoid hot spots in the generator and thermal damage to the magnets, resulting in demagnetization. The use of pressurized oil air particles as a lubrication method for the bearings of the generator is also considered to avoid: thermal damage and starvation at the rolling element and to address the predominant concern of effectively cooling the HSPM generator ball bearings at elevated speeds. The HSPM generator is designed and developed to operate at a maximum speed of 30000 RPM to deliver 10 kW output power and is subjected to 80~92°C temperature rise with an idle power consumption of ~2kW, enough to cause hot spots on the generator, demagnetization of the magnets and severe impact to the rolling elements of the bearings. The developed cooling jacket and the newly developed oil air mist lubrication arrangement enables the control of the temperature rise of the generator and the temperature rise at the rolling element, respectively. A steady state analysis was also carried out at motor maximum power output to determine its safe operation with the objective of finding an optimal operating condition by performing a parametric study on the effect of cooling. A 3D steady state model of a 10-kW electric permanent magnet machine was generated and investigated with one cooling jacket layout. The end windings and bearings were not considered to simplify the motor model. Numerical analysis is performed with two different coolant flow rates, no flow and maximum flow (3.5 m3 /h) with special emphasis on the maximum motor temperature. The analytical calculations for the role of coolant flowrate on heat transfer characteristics for a high speed generator, showed that the convection heat transfer coefficient increases with an increase in flowrate (0.3 – 3.5 m3 /hr), while the numerical simulations showed that the maximum coolant flowrate conditions achieved lower temperature generation (27.9°C at the front bearing) throughout the generator compared to no coolant flowrate (43.7°C at the front bearing). The detailed understanding of the effects of these parameters on the generator’s temperature field will help in validating the performance of the generator with actual results

Tribological behaviour of high thermal conductivity tool steels for hot stamping

In the last years, the use of High Strength Steels (HSS) as structural parts in car manufacturing, has rapidly increased thanks mainly to their favourable strength to weight ratios and stiffness, which allow a reduction of the fuel consumption to accommodate the new restricted regulations for CO2 emissions control, but still preserving or even enhancing the passengers’ safety. However, the formability at room temperature of HSS is poor, and for this reason, complex-shaped HSS components are produced applying the plastic deformation of the sheet metal at high temperature. The use of hot stamping technology, which was developed during the 70’s in Sweden, has become increasingly used for the production of HSS for the car body-in-white. By using this technology, several improvements have been made, if compared with the forming at room temperature, such as the reduction of spring back and the forming forces, the production of more complex shapes, a more accurate microstructure control of the final piece and the achievement of components with high mechanical properties. The hot stamping process of HSS parts consists mainly in heating a metal sheet up to austenitization temperature and then a simultaneous forming and hardening phase in closed dies, water-cooled, to obtain a fully martensitic microstructure on the final components; in this way, ultimate tensile strength passes from 600 MPa up to 1500-1600 MPa. Anyway, several tribological issues arise when the die and metal sheet interact during the forming process at elevated temperatures; the absence of any types of lubricant due to elevate process temperature and in order to preserve the quality of the part for the later stages of the process chain, leads to high friction forces at interface; moreover, and the severe wear mechanisms together with surface damage of forming dies, can alter the quality of the component and can also have an high impact on the process economy due to frequent windows-maintenance or reground of tools. Furthermore, considering that the thermal conductivity of the die material influences the cooling performance, obtained during the quenching phase, and being the quenching time the predominant part of the cycle time, the productivity of the process is influenced too. On this base tool steels play a capital role in this process, as they strongly influence the properties of the obtained final product and have a strong impact to investment and maintenance costs. The survey of the technical and scientific literature shows a large interest in the development of different coatings for the blanks from the traditional Al-Si up to new Zn-based coating and on the analysis of hard PVD, CVD coatings and plasma nitriding, applied on dies. By contrast, fewer investigations have been focused on the development and test of new tools steels grades capable to improve the wear resistance and the thermal properties that are required for the in-die quenching during forming. The research works reported are focused on conventional testing configurations, which are able to achieve fundamental knowledge on friction behaviour, wear mechanisms and heat transfer evaluation, with both a high accuracy for the process parameters and less information about situations that replicate the thermal-mechanical conditions to which the forming dies are subject during the industrial process. Alternatively, the tribological performance have been studied through costly and time-consuming industrial trials but with a lower control on process parameters. Starting from this point of view, the main goal of this PhD thesis is to analyse the tribological performance in terms of wear, friction and heat transfer of two new steel grades for dies, developed for high-temperature applications, characterized by a High Thermal Conductivity with the purpose to decrease the quenching time during the hot stamping process chain and overcome the limits in terms of process speed. Their performances are compared with a common die steel grade for hot stamping applications. To this aim, a novel simulative testing apparatus, based on a pin on disk test, specifically designed to replicate the thermo-mechanical cycles of the hot stamping dies, was used to evaluate the influence of different process parameters on the friction coefficient, wear mechanisms and heat transfer at interface die-metal sheet. Unlike other research works reported in the literature, which individually analyse the friction, the wear mechanisms and thermal aspects, by means of the methodology used in this thesis, the tribological characterization as a whole is obtained by means of a single approach, in order to analyse the simultaneous global evolution of the tribological system

Design of hybrid-kinematic mechanisms for machine tools

The machine tool industry is a well established, old and extremely important branch of today's manufacturing industry. With the ongoing globalization and the resulting increase of competition in this industry, the manufacturers have to push their technology to the limits in order to stay competitive. The architecture (kinematics) of most machine tools is based on a serial arrangement of joints and segments, like a human arm. The requirements regarding dynamics, stiffness and precision of these machines brought the scientists and industries to evaluate parallel kinematics for this type of application. Parallel kinematics possess a much higher potential to fulfill these demands, and they would therefore allow the access to a next level of machine performance. Whereas the success of parallel kinematics in domains like packaging is incontestable, it proved to be less evident in machine tools. The low rotation amplitudes and the complexity of the mechanism, the main weak points of parallel kinematics, slow down the development and integration of this kind of machines. In the last few years however, we could observe an increase in development, and more important, in the sales (1)(37)(54) of hybrid kinematic machines. Hybrid kinematics can, by appropriate combination of parallel and serial axes, present a well performing compromise, especially in the machine tool domain where 5 axes/mobilities and high rotation amplitudes are common. The present document is concerned with the mechanical, industrialized design of hybrid-kinematic machine tools and their mechanical elements, and will show that "Hybrid-kinematic mechanisms can outperform fully-parallel mechanisms considering all attributes for a successful and industrialized machine design." The work will point out the limits of fully-parallel mechanisms and justify the use of hybrid solutions. The most important elements of the mechanisms, thereof particularly the spherical and universal joints, will be treated in a detailed manner. Industrialization aspects will be analyzed, the difficulty for their integration will be shown, and solutions provided in order to increase the accessibility of hybrid and parallel mechanisms. A design methodology will be synthesized from all these elements and applied to three case studies. The methodology will point out important and often neglected steps and provide elements and tools to support the designer in the whole process of creation. Furthermore, by providing a broad catalogue of both new and existing hybrid and parallel kinematics, this work is intended to stimulate and inspire the creativity of the designer. The three final cases studies, each differing in their application domain and representing each an unpublished concept, will illustrate and validate the methodology. The work took place around multiple industrial projects and therefore always keeps in mind the practical feasibility, with respect to an industrial environment, and the economic aspects and risks

Flexible roll forming of the variable depth profiles

This research thesis has been involved in developing a new manufacturing technology for automotive industry

Closed-loop control of product properties in metal forming

Metal forming processes operate in conditions of uncertainty due to parameter variation and imperfect understanding. This uncertainty leads to a degradation of product properties from customer specifications, which can be reduced by the use of closed-loop control. A framework of analysis is presented for understanding closed-loop control in metal forming, allowing an assessment of current and future developments in actuators, sensors and models. This leads to a survey of current and emerging applications across a broad spectrum of metal forming processes, and a discussion of likely developments.Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (Grant ID: EP/K018108/1)This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Elsevier via https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2016.06.00

Development of a high-speed high-precision micro-groove cutting process

A high-speed, high-precision chip formation-based micro-groove cutting process has been developed for cutting grooves in metals with nearly arbitrarily shaped cross-sections, which have widths and depths of a few hundred nanometers to a few microns, and lengths of tens of millimeters. A flexible tool, consisting of a single-point cutting geometry mounted on the end of a small cantilever, is moved along a workpiece surface while a constant cantilever deflection is maintained to apply a cutting load. Depth of cut for a given tool shape is determined by cutting load and workpiece material properties. A major advantage of the flexible tool concept is increased depth of cut precision. Furthermore, the use of a flexible tool enables the process to be robust against machine tool registration error, guide misalignment, and component inertial deflections. The process was implemented by fitting a 5-axis micro-scale machine tool with a specially constructed micro-groove cutting assembly. Early, experiments using diamond-coated AFM probes as tools demonstrated process viability up to cutting speeds of 25 mm/min and chip formation at the sub-micron scale. However, AFM probe geometries proved too fragile for this demanding application. High quality tools with improved cutting geometries were designed and fabricated via focused ion beam machining of single-crystal diamond tool blanks, and tool edge radii of 50 - 64 nm were achieved. The improved tools enabled well-formed rectangular grooves to be cut in aluminum at up to 400 mm/min with widths of 300 nm to 1.05 microns and depths up to 2 microns. Complex compound v-shaped grooves were also produced. Virtually no tool wear (less than 20 nm) was observed over a cutting distance of 122.4 mm. Small amounts of side burr formation occurred during steady-state cutting, and exit burr formation occurred when a tool exited from a workpiece. Parallel 1.05 micron wide grooves were controllably cut as close as 1.0 micron apart, and machining of intersecting grooves was successfully demonstrated. To better understand process mechanics including chip formation, side burr formation, and exit burr formation at the small size scale involved, a 3D finite element model of the process was developed. Validation with experimental results showed that on average the model predicted side burr height to within 2.8%, chip curl to within 4.1%, and chip thickness to within 25.4%. An important finding is that side burr formation is primarily caused ahead of a tool by expansion of material compressed after starting to flow around a tool rather than becoming part of a chip. Also, three exit burrs, two on the sides of a groove and one on the bottom of a groove, are formed when a thin membrane of material forms ahead of a tool and then ruptures as the tool exits a workpiece. Finally, conclusions about the process are drawn and recommendations for future work are presented