210 research outputs found

    Fundamental frequency height as a resource for the management of overlap in talk-in-interaction.

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    Overlapping talk is common in talk-in-interaction. Much of the previous research on this topic agrees that speaker overlaps can be either turn competitive or noncompetitive. An investigation of the differences in prosodic design between these two classes of overlaps can offer insight into how speakers use and orient to prosody as a resource for turn competition. In this paper, we investigate the role of fundamental frequency (F0) as a resource for turn competition in overlapping speech. Our methodological approach combines detailed conversation analysis of overlap instances with acoustic measurements of F0 in the overlapping sequence and in its local context. The analyses are based on a collection of overlap instances drawn from the ICSI Meeting corpus. We found that overlappers mark an overlapping incoming as competitive by raising F0 above their norm for turn beginnings, and retaining this higher F0 until the point of overlap resolution. Overlappees may respond to these competitive incomings by returning competition, in which case they raise their F0 too. Our results thus provide instrumental support for earlier claims made on impressionistic evidence, namely that participants in talk-in-interaction systematically manipulate F0 height when competing for the turn

    Re-enacted and Spontaneous Conversational Prosody — How Different?

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    Wagner P, Windmann A. Re-enacted and Spontaneous Conversational Prosody — How Different? In: Proceedings of Speech Prosody 2016. Boston; 2016

    Speech data acquisition: the underestimated challenge

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    (This version makes 1 correction to the references: BARBOSA 2012 was cited in the text but missing from the list of references.)International audienceThe second half of the 20th century was the dawn of information technology; and we now live in the digital age. Experimental studies of prosody develop at a fast pace, in the context of an "explosion of evidence" (Janet Pierrehumbert, Speech Prosody 2010, Chicago). The ease with which anyone can now do recordings should not veil the complexity of the data collection process, however. This article aims at sensitizing students and scientists from the various fields of speech and language research to the fact that speech-data acquisition is an underestimated challenge. Eliciting data that reflect the communicative processes at play in language requires special precautions in devising experimental procedures and a fundamental understanding of both ends of the elicitation process: speaker and recording facilities. The article compiles basic information on each of these requirements and recapitulates some pieces of practical advice, drawing many examples from prosody studies, a field where the thoughtful conception of experimental protocols is especially crucial

    KysyvÀn funktion vaikutus spontaanin ja luetun suomen intonaatioon

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    Goals This study aims to map the effect of interrogative function on the intonation of spontaneous and read Finnish. Earlier research shows that the most prominent feature in Finnish question intonation is an appeal to the listener. Question word questions typically start with a high peak which is followed by falling intonation. In yes/no questions, F0 remains on a high level until the word carrying sentence stress and then falls. Final rises are mainly found in intonation clichés such as "Ai mitÀ?" ("What?") These earlier results are based on read speech and enacted dialogues. In this study, questions and statements found in spontaneous dialogues were compared. These utterances were also compared with read versions of the same utterances. Fundamental frequency values were compared using a mixed model. Contours were also grouped using auditory and visual inspection. Thus it was possible to compare frequencies of contour types according to utterance type and speech style. The position of questions in the F0 distribution of the whole material was also investigated in this study. Method he material consisted of four spontaneous dialogues and their read versions. The speakers were young adults from the Helsinki metropolitan area, four females and four males. The whole material was first divided into broad dialogue function categories arising from the material and F0 curves were calculated for each category. After this, 277 questions and 244 statements were selected for closer inspection. Values reflecting F0 distribution and contour shape were measured from the F0 contours of these utterances. A mixed model was used to analyse the differences. Utterance type, question type, speech style and speaker gender were used as fixed effects. The frequencies of F0 contour types were compared using a Chi square test. Additional material in this study came from eight young female speakers in central Finland. Results and conclusions In the mixed model analysis, significant differences were found both between questions and statements and between spontaneous and read speech. Generally, utterance type affected the variables reflecting contour type while speech style affected the variables reflecting F0 distribution. The effect of question type was not clearly visible. In read speech the contours resembled earlier results more closely. Speakers had different strategies in differentiating between questions and statements. In the whole material, F0 was slightly higher in questions than in statements. The effect of dialectal background could be seen in the contour types. The results show that interrogative function affects intonation in both spontaneous and read Finnish.Tavoitteet Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittÀÀ, miten kysyvÀ funktio vaikuttaa spontaanin ja luetun suomen intonaatioon. Aiemmat tutkimukset osoittavat, ettÀ suomen kysymysintonaatiossa voimakkaimmin ilmenevÀ piirre on vetoomus kuulijaan. Kysymyssanakysymyksille on tyypillistÀ alun korkea huippu, jonka jÀlkeen perustaajuus laskee. TÀstÀ poiketen kO-kysymyksissÀ perustaajuus sÀilyy korkealla lausepainolliseen sanaan saakka ja laskee vasta sen jÀlkeen. Nouseva loppu esiintyy lÀhinnÀ kiteytyneissÀ ilmauksissa kuten "Ai mitÀ?" Aiemmat tulokset perustuvat lukupuhuntaan ja nÀyteltyihin dialogeihin. Tutkimuksessa verrattiin spontaanipuheesta löytyviÀ kysymyksiÀ ja vÀitteitÀ keskenÀÀn. Toisena vertailukohtana olivat tutkittavat lauseet lukupuhuntana. Lauseista mitattuja perustaajuusarvoja verrattiin tilastollisen monitasomallin avulla. LisÀksi kontuurit tyypiteltiin auditiivisen ja visuaalisen havainnon perusteella. TÀmÀ mahdollisti kontuurityyppien frekvenssien vertailun lausetyypin ja puhetyylin mukaan. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin myös kysymysten asemaa koko aineiston perustaajuusjakaumassa. MenetelmÀt Tutkimusaineisto koostui neljÀstÀ dialogista sekÀ litteroitujen vuorosanojen luetuista toisinnoista. Puhujat olivat nuoria aikuisia pÀÀkaupunkiseudulta. Kumpaakin sukupuolta edusti neljÀ puhujaa. Ensin koko aineisto jaettiin vÀljiin aineistolÀhtöisiin dialogifunktioluokkiin, joiden perustaajuuskÀyrÀt laskettiin kokonaisuudessaan. TÀmÀn jÀlkeen rajattiin 277 kysymystÀ ja 244 vÀitettÀ tarkempaa tutkimusta varten. Ilmauksista laskettiin perustaajuuskÀyrÀt, joista mitattiin jakaumaa ja muotoa kuvastavia tunnuslukuja. Tilastollisen monitasomallin avulla etsittiin selittÀviÀ tekijöitÀ nÀissÀ mittaustuloksissa esiintyviin eroihin. SelittÀjinÀ kÀytettiin lause- ja kysymystyyppiÀ, puhetyyliÀ ja puhujan sukupuolta. Kontuurityyppien esiintymistÀ vertailtiin Khin neliötestin avulla. TÀydentÀvÀnÀ aineistona oli lukupuhuntaa kahdeksalta keskisuomalaiselta naispuhujalta. Tulokset ja johtopÀÀtökset Monitasomallinnuksessa merkitseviÀ eroja löytyi sekÀ kysymysten ja vÀitteiden vÀlillÀ ettÀ spontaanipuheen ja lukupuhunnan vÀlillÀ. LausetyypillÀ oli vaikutusta erityisesti kontuurin muotoon ja puhetyylillÀ taas perustaajuusjakaumaan. Kysymystyypin vaikutus ei tÀmÀn kokoisessa aineistossa nÀkynyt selvÀsti. Lukupuhunnassa kontuurit muistuttivat selvemmin aiempien tutkimusten tuloksia. Eri puhujilla oli erilaisia tapoja erottaa kysymykset vÀitteistÀ. Koko aineiston tasolla perustaajuus oli hieman korkeampi kysymyksissÀ kuin vÀitteissÀ. Murretaustan vaikutus nÀkyi kontuurityyppien erilaisena jakaumana keskisuomalaisilla puhujilla. Tulokset osoittavat, ettÀ kysyvÀ funktio vaikuttaa intonaatioon sekÀ spontaanissa ettÀ luetussa suomessa

    Modelling prosodic and dialogue information for automatic speech recognition

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    Recognising realistic emotions and affect in speech: State of the art and lessons learnt from the first challenge

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    More than a decade has passed since research on automatic recognition of emotion from speech has become a new field of research in line with its 'big brothers' speech and speaker recognition. This article attempts to provide a short overview on where we are today, how we got there and what this can reveal us on where to go next and how we could arrive there. In a first part, we address the basic phenomenon reflecting the last fifteen years, commenting on databases, modelling and annotation, the unit of analysis and prototypicality. We then shift to automatic processing including discussions on features, classification, robustness, evaluation, and implementation and system integration. From there we go to the first comparative challenge on emotion recognition from speech-the INTERSPEECH 2009 Emotion Challenge, organised by (part of) the authors, including the description of the Challenge's database, Sub-Challenges, participants and their approaches, the winners, and the fusion of results to the actual learnt lessons before we finally address the ever-lasting problems and future promising attempts. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Schuller B., Batliner A., Steidl S., Seppi D., ''Recognising realistic emotions and affect in speech: state of the art and lessons learnt from the first challenge'', Speech communication, vol. 53, no. 9-10, pp. 1062-1087, November 2011.status: publishe

    Latentin prosodia-avaruuden analysointi ja puhetyylien hallinta suomenkielisessÀ end-to-end puhesynteesissÀ

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    Viime vuosina syvÀoppimisen saralla tapahtunut kehitys on mahdollistanut neuroverkkoihin perustuvan puhesynteesin, joka lÀhes luonnollisen puheen tuottamisen lisÀksi sallii syntetisoidun puheen akustisten ominaisuuksien hallinnan. TÀmÀ merkitsee sitÀ, ettÀ on mahdollista tuottaa eloisaa puhetta eri tyyleillÀ, jotka sopivat kyseiseen kontekstiin. Yksi tapa, jolla tÀmÀ voidaan saavuttaa, on lisÀtÀ syntetisaattoriin referenssi-enkooderi, joka toimii pullonkaulana mallintaen prosodiaan liittyvÀn latentin avaruuden. TÀmÀn tutkimuksen pÀÀmÀÀrÀnÀ oli analysoida kuinka referenssi-enkooderin latentti avaruus mallintaa moninaisia ja realistisia puhetyylejÀ, ja miten puheennosten akustiset ominaisuudet ja niiden latentin avaruuden representaatiot korreloivat keskenÀÀn. Toinen pÀÀmÀÀrÀ oli arvioida kuinka syntetisoidun puheen tyyliÀ voi kontrolloida. Tutkimuksessa kÀytettiin referenssi-enkooderilla varustettua Tacotron 2 syntetisaattoria, joka oli koulutettu yhden naispuhujan luetulla puheella usealla puhetyylillÀ. Latenttia avaruutta analysoitiin tekemÀllÀ pÀÀkomponenttianalyysi puhedatan kaikista puheennoksista otetuille referenssivektoreille, jotta saataisiin esille puhetyylien keskeisimmÀt erot. Olettaen puhetyyleillÀ olevan akustisia korrelaatteja, tutkittiin pÀÀkomponenttien ja mitattujen akustisten ominaisuuksien vÀlillÀ olevaa mahdollista yhteyttÀ. Syntetisoitua puhetta analysoitiin kahdella tapaa: objektiivisella evaluaatiolla, joka arvioi akustisia ominaisuuksia ja subjektiivisella evaluaatiolla, joka arvioi syntetisoidun puheen sopivuutta liittyen puhuttuun lauseeseen. Tulokset osoittivat, ettÀ referenssienkooderi mallinsi tyylillisiÀ eroja hyvin, mutta tyylit olivat monisyisiÀ ja niissÀ oli merkittÀvÀÀ sisÀistÀ vaihtelua. PÀÀkomponenttianalyysi erotteli akustiset piirteet jossain mÀÀrin, ja tilastollinen analyysi osoitti yhteyden latentin avaruuden ja prosodisten ominaisuuksien vÀlillÀ. Objektiivinen evaluaatio antoi ymmÀrtÀÀ, ettÀ syntetisaattori ei tuottanut tyylien kaikkia akustisia ominaisuuksia, mutta subjektiivinen evaluaatio nÀytti, ettÀ mallinnus riitti vaikuttamaan sopivuuteen liittyviin arvioihin. Toisin sanoen spontaanilla tyylillÀ syntetisoitua puhetta pidettiin formaalia sopivampana spontaaniin tekstityyliin ja pÀinvastoin.In recent years, advances in deep learning have made it possible to develop neural speech synthesizers that not only generate near natural speech but also enable us to control its acoustic features. This means it is possible to synthesize expressive speech with different speaking styles that fit a given context. One way to achieve this control is by adding a reference encoder on the synthesizer that works as a bottleneck modeling a prosody related latent space. The aim of this study was to analyze how the latent space of a reference encoder models diverse and realistic speaking styles, and what correlation there is between the phonetic features of encoded utterances and their latent space representations. Another aim was to analyze how the synthesizer output could be controlled in terms of speaking styles. The model used in the study was a Tacotron 2 speech synthesizer with a reference encoder that was trained with read speech uttered in various styles by one female speaker. The latent space was analyzed with principal component analysis on the reference encoder outputs for all of the utterances in order to extract salient features that differentiate the styles. Basing on the assumption that there are acoustic correlates to speaking styles, a possible connection between the principal components and measured acoustic features of the encoded utterances was investigated. For the synthesizer output, two evaluations were conducted: an objective evaluation assessing acoustic features and a subjective evaluation assessing appropriateness of synthesized speech in regard to the uttered sentence. The results showed that the reference encoder modeled stylistic differences well, but the styles were complex with major internal variation within the styles. The principal component analysis disentangled the acoustic features somewhat and a statistical analysis showed a correlation between the latent space and prosodic features. The objective evaluation suggested that the synthesizer did not produce all of the acoustic features of the styles, but the subjective evaluation showed that it did enough to affect judgments of appropriateness, i.e., speech synthesized in an informal style was deemed more appropriate than formal style for informal style sentences and vice versa

    Models and analysis of vocal emissions for biomedical applications: 5th International Workshop: December 13-15, 2007, Firenze, Italy

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    The MAVEBA Workshop proceedings, held on a biannual basis, collect the scientific papers presented both as oral and poster contributions, during the conference. The main subjects are: development of theoretical and mechanical models as an aid to the study of main phonatory dysfunctions, as well as the biomedical engineering methods for the analysis of voice signals and images, as a support to clinical diagnosis and classification of vocal pathologies. The Workshop has the sponsorship of: Ente Cassa Risparmio di Firenze, COST Action 2103, Biomedical Signal Processing and Control Journal (Elsevier Eds.), IEEE Biomedical Engineering Soc. Special Issues of International Journals have been, and will be, published, collecting selected papers from the conference
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