282 research outputs found

    Study on Analog Front End of Passive UHF RFID Transponder

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    In this paper, an overview of passive Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is presented. This literature review emphasis on the analog front end part of the RFID transponder based on several published papers conducted by previous researchers. A passive UHF RFID transponder chip design was proposed using 0.18 μm standard CMOS process. It is estimated to have power of 1μW and high efficiency that greater than 32%. This design will work in the range of frequency between 900MHz to 960MHz

    MR4RF: MEM-device with impedance and their usage with impedance matching networks for passive RFID tags in the UHF

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    The passive RFID tag in the UHF has been employed in several different applications including, tracking, logistics, and as a sensing platform for the Internet of things (IoT). The tag is ideal for this industry due to its unique design. It harvests all of its energy from the environment, and is small, cheap, and requires little to no maintenance. However, there are two major issues limiting the potential of the passive RFID systems: the limited power harvested by the tag, and the high susceptibility to interference and coupling. In particular, dynamic environments render the traditionally fixed, RF impedance matching network ineffective. A novel design for a flexible Impedance-Switching Network (ISN) for passive RFID tags in the UHF is presented in this thesis. This novel approach can maximize power harvested by the tag. We propose two approaches to implementing the ISN. First, a more traditional design with a series of varactors is developed and studied. Each varactor is placed in parallel impedance lanes that are controlled via a feedback loop to maximize harvested power. A four-lane ISN is designed, tested, and tuned. The simulations and experiments demonstrate that ISN is capable of compensating for negative effect of mutual coupling in a ferromagnetic-reach environment. The second design employs a new material called a memristive switch that can replace the varactors in the ISN. State of a memristive switch is non-volatile and requires little energy to operate, thus making it ideal for passive RFID tags. We are the first to characterize the Co3O4 based memristive switch in UHF range. The results show that it can be employed as a varying capacitor in the RF front-end design. We propose three general configurations for the ISNs --Abstract, page iii

    セキュアRFIDタグチップの設計論

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    In this thesis, we focus on radio frequency identification (RFID) tag. We design, implement, and evaluate hardware performance of a secure tag that runs the authentication protocol based on cryptographic algorithms. The cryptographic algorithm and the pseudorandom number generator are required to be implemented in the tag. To realize the secure tag, we tackle the following four steps: (A) decision of hardware architecture for the authentication protocol, (B) selection of the cryptographic algorithm, (C) establishment of a pseudorandom number generating method, and (D) implementation and performance evaluation of a silicon chip on an RFID system.(A) The cryptographic algorithm and the pseudorandom number generator are repeatedly called for each authentication. Therefore, the impact of the time needed for the cryptographic processes on the hardware performance of the tag can be large. While low-area requirements have been mainly discussed in the previous studies, it is needed to discuss the hardware architecture for the authentication protocol from the viewpoint of the operating time. In this thesis, in order to decide the hardware architecture, we evaluate hardware performance in the sense of the operating time. As a result, the parallel architecture is suitable for hash functions that are widely used for tag authentication protocols.(B) A lot of cryptographic algorithms have been developed and hardware performance of the algorithms have been evaluated on different conditions. However, as the evaluation results depend on the conditions, it is hard to compare the previous results. In addition, the interface of the cryptographic circuits has not been paid attention. In this thesis, in order to select a cryptographic algorithm, we design the interface of the cryptographic circuits to meet with the tag, and evaluate hardware performance of the circuits on the same condition. As a result, the lightweight hash function SPONGENT-160 achieves well-balanced hardware performance.(C) Implementation of a pseudorandom number generator based on the performance evaluation results on (B) can be a method to generate pseudorandom number on the tag. On the other hand, as the cryptographic algorithm and the pseudorandom number generator are not used simultaneously on the authentication protocol. Therefore, if the cryptographic circuit could be used for pseudorandom number generation, the hardware resource on the tag can be exploited efficiently. In this thesis, we propose a pseudorandom number generating method using a hash function that is a cryptographic component of the authentication protocol. Through the evaluation of our proposed method, we establish a lightweight pseudorandom number generating method for the tag.(D) Tag authentication protocols using a cryptographic algorithm have been developed in the previous studies. However, hardware implementation and performance evaluation of a tag, which runs authentication processes, have not been studied. In this thesis, we design and do a single chip implementation of an analog front-end block and a digital processing block including the results on (A), (B), and (C). Then, we evaluate hardware performance of the tag. As a result, we show that a tag, which runs the authentication protocol based on cryptographic algorithms, is feasible.電気通信大学201

    SecuCode: Intrinsic PUF Entangled Secure Wireless Code Dissemination for Computational RFID Devices

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    The simplicity of deployment and perpetual operation of energy harvesting devices provides a compelling proposition for a new class of edge devices for the Internet of Things. In particular, Computational Radio Frequency Identification (CRFID) devices are an emerging class of battery-free, computational, sensing enhanced devices that harvest all of their energy for operation. Despite wireless connectivity and powering, secure wireless firmware updates remains an open challenge for CRFID devices due to: intermittent powering, limited computational capabilities, and the absence of a supervisory operating system. We present, for the first time, a secure wireless code dissemination (SecuCode) mechanism for CRFIDs by entangling a device intrinsic hardware security primitive Static Random Access Memory Physical Unclonable Function (SRAM PUF) to a firmware update protocol. The design of SecuCode: i) overcomes the resource-constrained and intermittently powered nature of the CRFID devices; ii) is fully compatible with existing communication protocols employed by CRFID devices in particular, ISO-18000-6C protocol; and ii) is built upon a standard and industry compliant firmware compilation and update method realized by extending a recent framework for firmware updates provided by Texas Instruments. We build an end-to-end SecuCode implementation and conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate standards compliance, evaluate performance and security.Comment: Accepted to the IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computin

    A Novel Micro Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System

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    (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2007(PhD) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2007Bu tezde yeni bir titreşim temelli mikro enerji harmanlayıcı sistemi önerilmiştir. Titreşimler ve ani hareketler, mekanik yapının sadece eğilmesine değil aynı zamanda gerilmesine yol açar, bu sayede sistem doğrusal olmayan bölgede çalışır. İnce piezoelektrik film tabakası mekanik stresi elektrik enerjisine çevirir. Mikrowatt mertebesinde güç seviyeleri mm3’lük aletlerle elde edilebilir, bu da güneş panellerinde elde edilen güç yoğunlukları kadar yüksektir. Algılayıcı kabiliyeti sayesinde bilgi depolayabilen, kum tanesi büyüklüğünde olan ve üretiminde kullanılan temel malzeme silikon olan bu aletler “zeki kum” olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Mekanik yapının modellenmesi ve tasarımı geliştirilmiş ve üretim sonuçları da ayrıca verilmiştir. Sistemin bilgi gönderebilmesi ve alabilmesi amacıyla iyi bilinen RFID teknolojisi tabanlı bir kablosuz haberleşme yöntemi önerilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, paket taşımacılığında sürekli ivme denetleme, sınır güvenliği için kendinden beslemeli algılayıcılar, çabuk bozulan yiyeceklerin taşımacılığında sıcaklık denetleme ve pilsiz kalp atışı algılayıcı gibi birçok uygulama önerilmiştir.In this thesis, a novel, vibration based micro energy harvester system is proposed. Vibrations or sudden movements cause the mechanical structure does not only bend but also stretch, thus working in non-linear regime. The piezoelectric thin film layer converts the mechanical stress into the electrical energy. Microwatts of power can be achieved with a mm3 device which yields a high power density levels on the order of the solar panels. This device is named “smart sand”, because it has also sensor capabilities that can store information, its size is almost a sand grain and the main material used for the fabrication is silicon. The modeling and design of the mechanical structure has been developed and fabrication results have also been given in the thesis. In order for the system to send and receive the information, a wireless communication scheme is proposed which is based on the well-known RFID technology. In this concept, several applications are proposed such as continuous acceleration monitoring in package delivery, self-powered sensors for homeland security, temperature monitoring of the perishable food item delivery and a batteryless heart rate sensor.DoktoraPh

    Self-powered Time-Keeping and Time-of-Occurrence Sensing

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    Self-powered and passive Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices (e.g. RFID tags, financial assets, wireless sensors and surface-mount devices) have been widely deployed in our everyday and industrial applications. While diverse functionalities have been implemented in passive systems, the lack of a reference clock limits the design space of such devices used for applications such as time-stamping sensing, recording and dynamic authentication. Self-powered time-keeping in passive systems has been challenging because they do not have access to continuous power sources. While energy transducers can harvest power from ambient environment, the intermittent power cannot support continuous operation for reference clocks. The thesis of this dissertation is to implement self-powered time-keeping devices on standard CMOS processes. In this dissertation, a novel device that combines the physics of quantum tunneling and floating-gate (FG) structures is proposed for self-powered time-keeping in CMOS process. The proposed device is based on thermally assisted Fowler-Nordheim (FN) tunneling process across high-quality oxide layer to discharge the floating-gate node, therefore resulting in a time-dependent FG potential. The device was fully characterized in this dissertation, and it does not require external powering during runtime, making it feasible for passive devices and systems. Dynamic signature based on the synchronization and desynchronization behavior of the FN timer is proposed for authentication of IoT devices. The self-compensating physics ensure that when distributed timers are subjected to identical environment variances that are common-mode noise, they can maintain synchronization with respect to each other. On the contrary, different environment conditions will desynchronize the timers creating unique signatures. The signatures could be used to differentiate between products that belong to different supply-chains or products that were subjected to malicious tampering. SecureID type dynamic authentication protocols based on the signature generated by the FN timers are proposed and they are proven to be robust to most attacks. The protocols are further analyzed to be lightweight enough for passive devices whose computational sources are limited. The device could also be applied for self-powered sensing of time-of-occurrence. The prototype was verified by integrating the device with a self-powered mechanical sensor to sense and record time-of-occurrence of mechanical events. The system-on-chip design uses the timer output to modulate a linear injector to stamp the time information into the sensing results. Time-of-occurrence can be reconstructed by training the mathematical model and then applying that to the test data. The design was verified to have a high reconstruction accuracy

    A Review Of Implementing Adc In Rfid Sensor

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    Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)The general considerations to design a sensor interface for passive RFID tags are discussed. This way, power and timing constraints imposed by ISO/IEC 15693 and ISO/IEC 14443 standards to HF RFID tags are explored. A generic multisensor interface is proposed and a survey analysis on the most suitable analog-to-digital converters for passive RFID sensing applications is reported. The most appropriate converter type and architecture are suggested. At the end, a specific sensor interface for carbon nanotube gas sensors is proposed and a brief discussion about its implemented circuits and preliminary results is made.Region Rhone-Alpes (France)CNPq (Brazil)INCT/NAMITEC (Brazil)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

    A Review of Implementing ADC in RFID Sensor

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    The general considerations to design a sensor interface for passive RFID tags are discussed. This way, power and timing constraints imposed by ISO/IEC 15693 and ISO/IEC 14443 standards to HF RFID tags are explored. A generic multisensor interface is proposed and a survey analysis on the most suitable analog-to-digital converters for passive RFID sensing applications is reported. The most appropriate converter type and architecture are suggested. At the end, a specific sensor interface for carbon nanotube gas sensors is proposed and a brief discussion about its implemented circuits and preliminary results is made

    A Review Of Implementing Adc In Rfid Sensor

    Get PDF
    Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)The general considerations to design a sensor interface for passive RFID tags are discussed. This way, power and timing constraints imposed by ISO/IEC 15693 and ISO/IEC 14443 standards to HF RFID tags are explored. A generic multisensor interface is proposed and a survey analysis on the most suitable analog-to-digital converters for passive RFID sensing applications is reported. The most appropriate converter type and architecture are suggested. At the end, a specific sensor interface for carbon nanotube gas sensors is proposed and a brief discussion about its implemented circuits and preliminary results is made.Region Rhone-Alpes (France)CNPq (Brazil)INCT/NAMITEC (Brazil)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

    Nanopower CMOS transponders for UHF and microwave RFID systems

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    At first, we present an analysis and a discussion of the design options and tradeoffs for a passive microwave transponder. We derive a set of criteria for the optimization of the voltage multiplier, the power matching network and the backscatter modulator in order to optimize the operating range. In order to match the strictly power requirements, the communication protocol between transponder and reader has been chosen in a convenient way, in order to make the architecture of the passive transponder very simple and then ultra-low-power. From the circuital point of view, the digital section has been implemented in subthreshold CMOS logic with very low supply voltage and clock frequency. We present different solutions to supply power to the transponder, in order to keep the power consumption in the deep sub-µW regime and to drastically reduce the huge sensitivity of the subthreshold logic to temperature and process variations. Moreover, a low-voltage and low-power EEPROM in a standard CMOS process has been implemented. Finally, we have presented the implementation of the entire passive transponder, operating in the UHF or microwave frequency range
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