Designing Sustainable Technologies, Products and Policies

This open access book provides insight into the implementation of Life Cycle approaches along the entire business value chain, supporting environmental, social and economic sustainability related to the development of industrial technologies, products, services and policies; and the development and management of smart agricultural systems, smart mobility systems, urban infrastructures and energy for the built environment. The book is based on papers presented at the 8th International Life Cycle Management Conference that took place from September 3-6, 2017 in Luxembourg, and which was organized by the Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) and the University of Luxembourg in the framework of the LCM Conference Series.

Resolving forward-reverse logistics multi-period model using evolutionary algorithms

© 2016 Elsevier Ltd In the changing competitive landscape and with growing environmental awareness, reverse logistics issues have become prominent in manufacturing organizations. As a result there is an increasing focus on green aspects of the supply chain to reduce environmental impacts and ensure environmental efficiency. This is largely driven by changes made in government rules and regulations with which organizations must comply in order to successfully operate in different regions of the world. Therefore, manufacturing organizations are striving hard to implement environmentally efficient supply chains while simultaneously maximizing their profit to compete in the market. To address the issue, this research studies a forward-reverse logistics model. This paper puts forward a model of a multi-period, multi-echelon, vehicle routing, forward-reverse logistics system. The network considered in the model assumes a fixed number of suppliers, facilities, distributors, customer zones, disassembly locations, re-distributors and second customer zones. The demand levels at customer zones are assumed to be deterministic. The objective of the paper is to maximize the total expected profit and also to obtain an efficient route for the vehicle corresponding to an optimal/near optimal solution. The proposed model is resolved using Artificial Immune System (AIS) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms. The findings show that for the considered model, AIS works better than the PSO. This information is important for a manufacturing organization engaged in reverse logistics programs and in running units efficiently. This paper also contributes to the limited literature on reverse logistics that considers costs and profit as well as vehicle route management

Mitigating Global Temperature Change Through Industrial Sector Improvements: A Case Study In Automotive Manufacturing

Manufacturing is an integral part of our country’s flow of products and people and a top contributor to carbon emissions, promoting global temperature rise. During processing, toxic substances are emitted across the value chain. These emissions account for nearly 25% of all greenhouse gas emissions in the United States and the World. Until 2023, an accessible pathway for manufacturing companies to transition to net-zero emissions hasn’t been made readily available. The current research was conducted to determine if reducing carbon emissions in manufacturing facilities through efficiency improvements, process optimization, and technology advancements can mitigate global temperature change.This quantitative, mixed-method approach was conducted by investigating major constraints and evaluating the current state of energy security in manufacturing. A feasibility study was conducted on deploying biomass-to-energy as the primary energy source for the facility and the state of Missouri. A case study was conducted at an automotive manufacturing facility to measure efficiency improvements in a real-life context. The research shows that emissions reductions from manufacturing favor the ability to impact global temperature change. Education was found to be the top constraint by cost and impact. Energy security within the sector and the United States is favorable at an index value lower than 70. Improvements in energy efficiency and new processing methods showed favorable business savings (+$125k) and emissions reductions (-200k tons) in less than a year. The feasibility of biomass-to-energy showed being able to become a primary supplier of energy to the plant and Missouri. Findings indicated that it is necessary to promote and mesh education, technology growth, and energy-saving efforts to have a favorable impact on global temperature change

Eco-efficiency Performance Comparison of Additive and Subtractive Manufactured Parts

This thesis aims to develop a decision support tool for the manufacturing industry, which has been achieved through the 'techno-eco-efficiency' framework. The framework provides a comprehensive assessment of additive and subtractive manufactured parts by integrating technical feasibility assessment, environmental life cycle assessment, life cycle costing, and eco-efficiency assessment. The framework has been implemented on virgin polymer composite and metal parts. Additionally, the social impacts and the eco-efficiency improvement strategy of material recycling has been explored

Life Cycle Management

This book provides insight into the Life Cycle Management (LCM) concept and the progress in its implementation. LCM is a management concept applied in industrial and service sectors to improve products and services, while enhancing the overall sustainability performance of business and its value chains. In this regard, LCM is an opportunity to differentiate through sustainability performance on the market place, working with all departments of a company such as research and development, procurement and marketing, and to enhance the collaboration with stakeholders along a company’s value chain. LCM is used beyond short-term business success and aims at long-term achievements by minimizing environmental and socio-economic burden, while maximizing economic and social value

A comparative study of activitybased costing (abc) and time-driven activity-based costing (tdabc) on cost accounting

In any business competition, it is important for the company to incorporate an accurate cost estimation to decide the best price for products to gain profits. By the 1980s, Traditional Cost Accounting (TCA) is no longer reflecting the current economic reality due to distorted information about the profitability of the company’s orders, products, and customers. In addition, Activity-based Costing (ABC) is a costing method originally developed to overcome the shortcoming of TCA method in the era of rapidly increasing product complexity and diversification. However, it is not universally accepted because it ignores the potential for unused capacity which will be beneficial for forecasting. Nevertheless, the current published work does not clearly state of capacity cost rate, practical capacity and time equation. The aim of this work is to compare the advantages of ABC and Time-driven Activity-based Costing (TDABC) by analyzing the features towards costing sustainment. The work begins by collecting data at electrical and electronic industry located at Pahang and the product selected is a magnetic inductor. ABC focuses on the costs inherent in the activity-based products to produce, distribute or support the products concerned. TDABC uses time equation and capacity cost rate to measure the unused capacity with respect to the time and cost. Through ABC method, this work successfully gathered the time allocated by operator to complete the task given. The largest time allocated by operator is at epoxy application activity which is 43.89% and the smallest is 0.63% at oven curing. The highest amount of cost of capacity is epoxy application activity with cost of MYR 1,665,729.98 and the amount of material used is selected as the cost driver. As the demand quantity of the product is increase by 10%, the total cost of production is predicted to be MYR 4,260,115.20 while the unit product cost is forecast at MYR 0.81. Through TDABC method, this work gains information on practical capacity of operator which is 123,600 minutes. Moreover, the capacity cost rate for winding activity is MYR 2.53 and the time equation is 0.12χ1 with χ 1 as variable of amount of raw material of 8,697.6 kilograms. All sub-activities are analyzed and categorized in 3 categories which are optimistic, most likely and pessimistic. There are 7 sub-activities under optimistic category, 6 sub-activities under most likely and 4 subactivities under pessimistic. In conclusion, by implementing and comparing of ABC and TDABC at the company, this work proves TDABC is a method with objective cost driver determination, removes time consuming process, have multiple cost drivers and able to forecast and planning using analysis of capacity utilization. Thus, TDABC can improve the company costing structure by using the advantages of TDABC in order to gain detailed decision-making process

A study of the water-energy nexus in power plants

Tesis por compendio de publicaciones[ES] La tesis se llevó a cabo a través de compendio de artículos científicos, de modo que se lleva a cabo un resumen de cada artículo, así como la información de cada uno. Artículo 1 Título: Optimal gas treatment and coal blending for reduced emissions in power plants: A case study in Northwest Spain. Autores: Lidia S Guerras y Mariano Martín. Revista: Energy DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.089 Resumen: En este trabajo se ha desarrollado un marco de toma de decisiones para el diseño de la sección de tratamiento de gases de combustión de una central eléctrica, que incluye operaciones de remoción de partículas, NOx y SO2. Se ha aplicado a una central térmica de carbón en España para seleccionar las tecnologías óptimas y su secuencia. Se han desarrollado modelos sustitutos para los tratamientos. El problema corresponde a una programación no lineal entera mixta que incluye la eliminación de NOx catalítica y no catalítica, lo que permite varias asignaciones para la tecnología catalítica, precipitación electrostática y eliminación de SO2 húmedo o seco. Se reformula como un problema no lineal para evaluar las oportunidades de bypass. La optimización sugiere el uso de precipitación electrostática, seguida de la eliminación catalítica de NOx y la eliminación de SO2 seco. A continuación, también se ha resuelto un problema de mezcla de carbón para dos funciones objetivo. Cuando solo se consideran los costos de tratamiento, se recomienda el uso de carbón importado, pero un aumento del 4% en su precio puede cambiar la decisión por el uso de carbón nacional. Si la energía del carbón se agrega a la función objetivo, el carbón de alquitrán crudo se incluye en la mezcla y el carbón importado se usa para mantener las emisiones dentro de los límites. La oxidación forzada de piedra caliza es la tecnología seleccionada. Artículo 2 Título: Optimal Flue Gas Treatment for Oxy-Combustion-Based Pulverized Coal Power Plants Autores: Lidia S Guerras y Mariano Martín. Revista: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04453 Resumen: La oxicombustión es reconocida como la tecnología más limpia que utiliza carbón como fuente de energía. La limpieza de los gases de combustión es esencial para un funcionamiento sostenible. En este trabajo se determina la selección óptima de las tecnologías de tratamiento de gases de combustión en centrales de oxicombustión. Se utiliza un procedimiento de dos etapas que combina heurística y programación matemática para evaluar las tecnologías involucradas, incluida la caldera, la desnitrificación, la precipitación electrostática, la eliminación de dióxido de azufre y la captura de carbono. Para el funcionamiento de la planta, se debe seleccionar la alimentación de carbón. Se resuelve un problema de mezcla extendido para evaluar el tipo de carbón que se comprará en función de su costo y composición. El procesamiento óptimo de los gases de combustión consiste en la precipitación electrostática, seguida de la eliminación de SO2 seco y la purificación de CO2 con zeolitas. No se requiere ningún método de desnitrificación específico debido a los bajos niveles de concentración de NOx generados en la oxicombustión. Esta hoja de flujo se utiliza para seleccionar uno entre una mezcla de tres tipos diferentes de carbón: alquitrán de hulla nacional, importado y crudo. Sin embargo, no se recomienda ninguna mezcla ya que se seleccionó alquitrán de hulla crudo. Aunque los costos de procesamiento son más altos, se ve compensado por el menor coste de la materia prima. Artículo 3 Título: On the water footprint in power production: Sustainable design of wet cooling towersAutores: Lidia S Guerras y Mariano Martín. Revista: Applied Energy DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114620 Resumen: Las plantas de energía renovable deben instalarse donde esté disponible el recurso principal. El clima afecta el diseño y la huella hídrica de estas plantas. Se estudian dos tipos de ciclos de potencia, un ciclo Rankine regenerativo, representativo de biomasa y plantas termosolares, y el ciclo combinado, correspondiente a procesos basados en biogás o gasificación. Las instalaciones se modelan en detalle unidad por unidad para calcular el rendimiento del ciclo, el trabajo del condensador, el consumo de agua y la geometría de la torre de enfriamiento húmedo de tiro natural para su diseño sostenible. Las regiones cálidas, apropiadas para instalaciones solares, y las regiones húmedas requieren torres más grandes y caras. Las áreas con alta disponibilidad solar también muestran un mayor consumo de agua, lo que representa un intercambio para un futuro sistema de energía basado en energías renovables. Además, también se han desarrollado pautas de diseño y modelos sustitutos para estimar el consumo de agua, el tamaño de la torre de enfriamiento y su costo en función del clima. Los sustitutos son útiles para el análisis de la huella hídrica de un sistema de energía de base renovable que sustituye al de base fósil. Artículo 4 Título: Multilayer Approach for Product Portfolio Optimization: Waste to Added-Value Products Autores: Lidia S. Guerras, Debalina Sengupta, Mariano Martín, and Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi Revista: ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c01284 Resumen: Se ha desarrollado un procedimiento sistemático multicapa de varias etapas para la selección de la cartera de productos óptima a partir de biomasa residual como materia prima para sistemas que implican el nexo “wáter-energy-food”. Consiste en una metodología híbrida heurística, basada en métricas y optimización que evalúa el desempeño económico y ambiental de productos de valor agregado a partir de una materia prima en particular. La primera etapa preselecciona los productos prometedores. A continuación, se formula un problema de optimización de la superestructura para valorizar o transformar los residuos en el conjunto óptimo de productos. La metodología se ha aplicado dentro de la iniciativa “Waste to Power and Chemicals” para evaluar el mejor uso de los residuos de biomasa de la industria del aceite de oliva en alimentos, productos químicos y energía. La etapa heurística se basa en la revisión de la literatura para analizar los productos y técnicas factibles. A continuación, se han desarrollado y utilizado métricas simples para preseleccionar productos que son prometedores. Finalmente, se utiliza un enfoque de optimización de la superestructura para diseñar la instalación que procesa hojas, astillas de madera y aceitunas en productos finales. La mejor técnica para recuperar fenoles del “alperujo”, un residuo sólido húmedo/subproducto del proceso, consiste en el uso de membranas, mientras que la técnica de adsorción se utiliza para la recuperación de fenoles de hojas y ramas de olivo. La inversión necesaria para procesar los residuos asciende a 110,2 millones de euros por 100 kt/año para la instalación de producción de aceitunas, mientras que el beneficio depende del nivel de integración. Si la instalación está adscrita a la producción de aceite de oliva, el beneficio generado oscila entre los 14,5 MM €/año (cuando los residuos se compran a precios de 249 € por tonelada de alperujo y 6 € por tonelada de hojas y ramas de olivo) y 34,3 MM €/año cuando el material de desecho se obtiene de forma gratuita

Technoeconomic and whole-energy system analysis of low-carbon heating technologies

Despite developments in renewable electricity production, space heating and hot-water provision still account for a high proportion of the total greenhouse gas emissions in the world. Decarbonising heating requires an in-depth understanding of the candidate technology options. Should investments in energy systems focus on large-scale/centralised options, or small-scale/distributed ones? How should end-users operate their heating systems to maximise economic and environmental benefits? Should manufacturers design high-performance yet high-cost technologies and reduce the transition cost to the wider electricity system infrastructure, or should they promote more affordable, lower-performance end-use alternatives at a cost to the wider system? In this thesis, technoeconomic models that capture the cost and performance characteristics of heating technologies are developed and used to analyse the design and operation of competing solutions from the perspectives of different stakeholders. An extensive analysis of commercially available air-source and ground-source heat pumps, combined heat and power systems, district heating infrastructure and thermal energy storage systems on the UK market is first conducted. Fitting techniques are used to determine relationships arising from the collected data and quantify the related uncertainty in technology characteristics between the data and fitted relationships. Then, thermodynamic and component-costing models are developed for technologies for which there is a substantial spread in the available data, or for which data are not available. These include electricity- and hydrogen-driven heat pumps and involve dedicated compressor efficiency maps, heat exchanger models, and equipment-costing methods. The resulting technoeconomic models are first used to assess the economic and environmental performance of different centralised and distributed low-carbon heat provision pathways, with a London district as a case study. Centralised gas-fired combined heat and power systems are found to be favourable in terms of annual total cost. However, in recent years, the carbon footprint of grid electricity has reduced significantly, meaning that heat pumps installed at household or community level achieve a higher degree of decarbonisation. Furthermore, an uncertainty propagation analysis reveals the significance of properly accounting for technology performance and cost variations when modelling energy systems. In fact, the use of technoeconomic models is shown to reduce the uncertainty in the results by more than 75% compared to the use of black-box approaches. Two different optimisation studies are then conducted to investigate smart operation strategies of heating technologies in the domestic and commercial sectors. First, thermal network models of a domestic electric heat pump coupled to a hot-water cylinder or to two phase-change material thermal stores are developed and used to optimise heat pump operation for different objective functions. As demonstrated, smart heat pump operation can lead to a decrease in operational costs of more than 20% and an increase in self-sufficiency by up to four times. For the commercial sector, a multi-objective control framework is designed and installed on an existing combined heat and power system that provides heat and electricity to a supermarket. By using a stochastic optimisation approach and considering the uncertainty related to the price of exporting electricity, energy savings higher than 35% can be achieved compared to using a typical gas boiler. The integration of technoeconomic models of technologies within whole-energy system models can be used to extend the capabilities of the latter, so that they can, apart from optimising network infrastructures, provide explicit information about future technology design. Thermodynamic and component-costing models of a domestic electric heat pump, a hydrogen boiler and a hydrogen-driven absorption heat pump, as well an existing whole-energy system model of the UK, are used to compare electrification and hydrogen pathways for the domestic sector. The technologies are compared for different weather conditions and fuel-price scenarios, first from a homeowner’s and then from a whole-energy system perspective. It is shown that, in the UK, hydrogen technologies can be economically favourable only if hydrogen is supplied to domestic end-users at a price below half of the electricity price. From a whole-energy system perspective, electric heat pumps are the least-cost decarbonisation pathway under the investigated scenarios. Lastly, this thesis includes an effort to demonstrate how different component choices when designing domestic electric heat pumps can influence the national energy generation mix and heat-decarbonisation transition cost. Using the developed electric heat pump model, a set of optimal heat pump configurations representing competing components is obtained. The size of heat exchangers and the choice of compressor type and working fluid are shown to have a remarkable influence on the technology’s performance and cost. These configurations are integrated into an existing whole-energy system capacity-expansion and unit-dispatch model, to show that, from a UK energy system perspective, although high-performance heat pumps enable a reduction in the required installed electricity generation capacity by up to 50 GW, low-to-medium performance heat pumps can lead to a reduction of more than 10% in the total system transition cost and end-user investment requirements.Open Acces

Building a Strategy for Key Energy Transitions: Modeling Biophysical Economics

Economists rarely model the economy as explicitly bound by Earth\u27s ecological systems. However, ecological systems act as constraints on the economy --- constraints that have historically been too far away from economic productivity to seriously consider. These ecological or biophysical constraints have been growing closer and more prominent as natural resources are depleted and environmental impacts increase. Modeling these constraints is what defines the emerging sub-discipline of biophysical economics, BPE. The goal of this dissertation is to map out and extend current biophysical economics modeling strategies. BPE provides the ideal framework to holistically understand energy transitions towards sustainability. In Chapter 2, we examine and classify 110 biophysical models of the economy. Although BPE modelling approaches are varied, grouping the research by common characteristics reveals several active research areas. Gaps also exist. We identify which of those gaps could be promising avenues for future research. In Chapter 3, we integrate US food production data into the environmental-input–output life cycle assessment (EIO-LCA) model. The extended model is used to characterize the food, energy, and water (FEW) intensities of every US economic sector, and is applied to every metropolitan statistical area (MSA) within the U.S. Results of this study enable a more complete understanding of food, energy, and water as key ingredients to a functioning economy. Chapter 4 analyzes datasets from multiple sources to build a detailed picture of the CO\textsubscript{2}-eq emissions generated by coal rail transportation. The results show that rail transportation distances range from 0 km to over 3500 km. Transportation emissions can be as high as 35\% of a power plant’s operational emissions --- a number significantly higher than previous literature estimates. Additionally, implementation of post-combustion Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) at existing plants may further increase transportation emissions. Chapter 5 uses an agent-based model to demonstrate the potential economic impacts of a resource supply shock. Economic “agents” mine resources and invent technology in order to grow their economy. Economic growth, however, comes with a cost. Unexpected, large economic collapse can arise from a shock to even a single resource, due to each resource’s interdependent role in the economy