Solid Waste Collection Optimization: A literature Review

The urban population saw an increase of 80 million in 2019. The accelerated movement of people towards urban centres along with annual increasing per capita waste generation calls for an urgent need to address the rising solid waste generation. Contemporary pandemic of Covid-19 puts the demand all time high for revival and optimizing solid waste management system. For optimizing solid waste management, solid waste collection is the most important aspect of process as it includes majority of financial inputs. This article aims to provide literature review regarding different methodologies and criteria for solid waste collection optimization. The article also examines trends and areas of future research along with unexplored and budding domains. This would help reader identifying his interest area besides getting a comprehensive understanding of research trends. The study could also be used by waste management firms to analyze, compare different methods, their performance and their suitability under different environment conditions.

A System Dynamics Based Integrated Assessment Modelling of Global-Regional Climate Change: A Model for Analyzing the Behaviour of the Social-Energy-Economy-Climate System

The feedback based integrated assessment model ANEMI (version 2) represents the society-biosphere-climate-economy-energy system of the earth and biosphere. The development of the ANEMI model version 2 is based on the system dynamics simulation approach that (a) allows for the understanding and modelling of complex global change and (b) assists in the investigation of possible policy options for mitigating, and/or adopting to changing global conditions within an integrated assessment modelling framework. This thesis presents the ANEMI model version 2 and its nine individual sectors: climate, carbon cycle, land-use, population, food production, hydrologic cycle, water demand, water quality, and energy-economy. Two levels of the model are developed and presented here. The first one represents the society-biosphere-climate-economy-energy system on a global scale (ANEMI version 2). The second one is developed for a regional presentation of Canada (ANEMI_CDN). The development of the Canada model is based on the top-down approach and various disaggregation techniques. The disaggregation technique also extends the capability of the ANEMI model version 2 in generating monthly data, while the model runs with yearly time step. To evaluate market and nonmarket costs and benefits of climate change, the ANEMI model integrates an economic approach, with a focus on the international energy stock and fuel price, with climate interrelations and temperature change. The model takes into account all major greenhouse gases (GHG) influencing global temperature and sea-level variation. Several of the model sectors are built from the basic structure of the previous version of the ANEMI model (version 1.2) developed by Davies (2009) and reported by Davies and Simonovic (2010; 2011). However, they are integrated in a novel way, particularly the water sectors. The integration of optimization within the simulation framework of the ANEMI model version 2 is timely, as recognition grows of the importance of energy-based economic activities in determining long-term Earth-system behaviour. Experimentation with different policy scenarios demonstrates the consequences of these activities on future behaviour of the society-biosphere-climate-economy-energy system through feedback based interactions. The use of the model ANEMI version 2 and ANEMI_CDN improves both scientific understanding and socio-economic policy development strategy. This thesis describes the model structure in detail and illustrates its use through the analysis of three policy scenarios in both global and Canadian perspectives

Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes (supplement 309)

This bibliography lists 136 reports, articles and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in February, 1988

Fault detection in discrete dynamic systems with uncertainty based on interval optimization

The imprecision and the uncertainty of many systems can be expressed with interval models. This paper presents a method for fault detection in uncertain discrete dynamic systems. First, the discrete dynamic system with uncertain parameters is formulated as an interval optimization model. In this model, we also assume that there are some errors of observation values of the inputs/outputs. Then, M. Hladík's newly proposed algorithm is exploited for this model. Some numerical examples are also included to illustrate the method efficiency

Quarterly literature review of the remote sensing of natural resources

The Technology Application Center reviewed abstracted literature sources, and selected document data and data gathering techniques which were performed or obtained remotely from space, aircraft or groundbased stations. All of the documentation was related to remote sensing sensors or the remote sensing of the natural resources. Sensors were primarily those operating within the 10 to the minus 8 power to 1 meter wavelength band. Included are NASA Tech Briefs, ARAC Industrial Applications Reports, U.S. Navy Technical Reports, U.S. Patent reports, and other technical articles and reports

Systems Analysis of Hydrologic Problems

Introduction: Increasing national and international interest in water resources in recent years has stimulated much new activity and progress in hydrology. It is now generally recognized that the science of hydrology is basic to an understanding of water resources problems and to planning for water resources development. Accompanying this demand upon the science of hydrology is an urgent need for improved education at the university level. In resopnse to this need for improved education, the First International Seminar for Hydrology Professors was held at Urbana, Illinois, in July 1969. The Second International Seminar was held at Logan, Utah, during August 2-14, 1970, and was a continuation of the program to acquaint hydrology professors with modern concepts and technologies. The major overall objective of the second seminar was to emphasize the systems approach as applied to hydrology, in which the various fundamental hydrologic processes and their interrelationships were studied and examined. Because of the need to apply new concepts and technologies to the development and utilization of the limited supply of water resources throughout the world, hydrologic programs in our colleges and universities generally require much improvement, particularly with reference to the application of systems concepts and methods. Accordingly, the specific objectives of the Seminar were as follows: 1. To impress upon hydrology professors the improtance of the systems approach to the science of hydrology, and to acquaint them with the fundamental and basic concepts of the the hydrologic system. 2. To present concepts for defining or describing the hydrologic system in terms of particular management objectives. 3. To examine various techniques for monitoring the hydrologic system, including the design of monitoring networks in terms of particular objectives. 4. To acquaint the participants with several methods of modeling hydrologic systems, and to provide them with experiences which demonstrate the utility of modeling for (a) examining various system interrelationships and sensitivies; and (b) maximizing particular objective functions subject to given external contraints and production functions

Exploring the Use of Remote Sensing CO2 Data to Measure the CO2 Concentration Enhancements Caused by Coal-fired Power Plants

Ontario’s power generation system is undergoing significant changes towards a modern and sustainable electricity system. One significant objective for the planned system transition is to reduce CO2 emissions. CO2 emissions from Ontario’s power generation are expected to be cut significantly as coal is phased out and more renewables and natural gas capacity are incorporated into the provincial electricity supply. This restructuring of Ontario’s electricity system and associated reduction of CO2 emissions need to be monitored. Equally, the dynamics of CO2 in the atmosphere are also a major issue of interest in the scientific world and how the reduced CO2 emissions from power plants can influence the distribution of CO2 concentration remains an important question. In this regard, remote sensing which provides global-coverage, near real-time and 3-D information on atmospheric CO2 is proposed as a useful tool for monitoring the processes and phenomena of interest. The ongoing space-based instruments such as GOSAT TANSO provide accurate CO2 concentration information at different altitudes especially near the Earth’s surface where interactions between power-generation CO2 emissions and the atmosphere are intensive. These data can be used for both long-term CO2 monitoring and short-term CO2 detection by measuring the emitting activities of power plants. Therefore, this project examines the use of remote sensing to estimate the change of CO2 enhancements due to the variation of coal-fired power generation intensity and to evaluate the effect of Ontario’s energy decision/policy. Partial column CO2 data are more capable of presenting the surface CO2 fluxes compared to column CO2 data. By introducing the ‘background’ observations, the fossil fuel CO2 flux in the Nanticoke area can be clearly detected and identified. The reduction of coal-fired power generation by Nanticoke Generating Station leads to decreased enhancement of local atmospheric CO2 concentrations. It is shown that Ontario’s decision to shut down coal-fired power plants is an effective measure to reduce atmospheric CO2 and to mitigate climate change. More policies and actions are encouraged along with new monitoring techniques that include remote sensing tools

Systems Analysis in Forestry and Forest Industries

The purpose of this book is to present a variety of articles revealing the state of the art of applications of systems analysis techniques to problems of the forest sector. Such applications cover a vast range of issues in forestry and the forest industry. They include the dynamics of the forest ecosystem, optimal forest management, the roundwood market, forest industrial strategy, regional and national forest sector policy as well as international trade in forest products. Forest industrial applications at mill level, such as optimal paper trimming, cutting, and production scheduling, are however, excluded