413 research outputs found

    Attachment of Nucleosides to Solid‐Phase Supports

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    Specific step‐by‐step instructions are given for coupling nucleosides to LCAA‐CPG supports (supports consisting of a long‐chain alkylamine linked to controlled‐pore glass). Protocols are given for a succinic acid linker and a hydroquinone‐O,O′‐diacetic acid linker. The former is the most widely used linker arm, and the starting materials are widely available. The latter offers greater compatibility with base‐sensitive sequence modifications and great synthetic throughput because it can be cleaved under milder and faster conditions. Additional guidelines are given for selecting a linker arm and coupling protocol. Almost any application requiring synthetic oligonucletodies can be satisfied using one of these linker arms.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/143722/1/cpnc0302.pd

    Solid‐Phase Supports for Oligonucleotide Synthesis

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    This unit begins with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of oligonucleotide synthesis using solid supports. The physical and chemical properties of solid‐phase supports are discussed in terms of their suitability for oligonucleotide synthesis. In addition, the unit outlines the properties of linkers used for transient or permanent attachment of properly protected nucleosides to the derivatized support, as well as strategies for coupling nucleosides to linkers and conditions for the release of synthetic oligonucleotides from specific supports.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/143613/1/cpnc0301.pd

    Tandem oligonucleotide synthesis using linker phosphoramidites

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    Multiple oligonucleotides of the same or different sequence, linked end-to-end in tandem can be synthesized in a single automated synthesis. A linker phosphoramidite [R. T. Pon and S. Yu (2004) Nucleic Acids Res., 32, 623–631] is added to the 5′-terminal OH end of a support-bound oligonucleotide to introduce a cleavable linkage (succinic acid plus sulfonyldiethanol) and the 3′-terminal base of the new sequence. Conventional phosphoramidites are then used for the rest of the sequence. After synthesis, treatment with ammonium hydroxide releases the oligonucleotides from the support and cleaves the linkages between each sequence. Mixtures of one oligonucleotide with both 5′- and 3′-terminal OH ends and other oligonucleotides with 5′-phosphorylated and 3′-OH ends are produced, which are deprotected and worked up as a single product. Tandem synthesis can be used to make pairs of PCR primers, sets of cooperative oligonucleotides or multiple copies of the same sequence. When tandem synthesis is used to make two self-complementary sequences, double-stranded structures spontaneously form after deprotection. Tandem synthesis of oligonucleotide chains containing up to six consecutive 20mer (120 bases total), various trinucleotide codons and primer pairs for PCR, or self-complementary strands for in situ formation of double-stranded DNA fragments has been demonstrated

    Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Branched Oligonucleotides

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    Branched nucleic acids (bNAs) have been of particular interest since the discovery of RNA forks and lariats as intermediates of nuclear mRNA splicing, as well as multicopy, single‐stranded DNA (msDNA). Such molecules contain the inherent trait of vicinal 2′,5′‐ and 3′,5′‐phosphodiester linkages. bNAs have many potential applications in nucleic acid biochemistry, particularly as tools for studying the substrate specificity of lariat debranching enzymes, and as biological probes for the investigation of branch recognition during pre‐mRNA splicing. The protocols described herein allow for the facile solid‐phase synthesis of branched DNA and/or RNA oligonucleotides of varying chain length, containing symmetrical or asymmetrical sequences immediate to an RNA branch point. The synthetic methodology utilizes widely adopted phosphoramidite chemistry. Methods for efficient purification of bNAs via anion‐exchange HPLC and PAGE are also illustrated.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/143634/1/cpnc0414.pd

    Synthesis of novel lipophilic nucleotide and CpG dinucleotide conjugates for the stimulation of the immune response system

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    The research described in this thesis was aimed at synthesizing novel lipophilic nucleotide and CpG dinucleotide conjugates with the purpose of improving their immunostimulatory activity. The first part of the discussion describes the successful synthesis of novel acetal, carbonate, carbamate and ester linkers of tocopherol and cholesterol for attaching lipophilic molecules to the nucleotide constructs. This was done in order to improve transport of the molecules across cell membranes as the lipophilic tail can assist the likelihood of oligonucleotide uptake into the cells by reducing their polarity. Furthermore, a linker was synthesized which was used to link tumour targeting GRE1, GRE4 and G34 rabbit antibodies provided by the labs in Queen's Medical Centre [Nottingham] and Aphton Corporation to different DNA constructs containing antisense insert. The resulting solutions of bound antibodies were purified to give the biologically active antibody constructs. The antibodies retained at the binding sites were eluted and showed biological activity, which unfortunately could not be maintained. [Continues.

    Study of substrate modulation and bioreceptor anchoring for the development of high performance microarrays

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    Tesis por compendio[EN] The present PhD thesis is focused on the study of new approaches able to improve the performance of microarrays. Aspects such as the nature of the surfaces and the probes, functionalization of the substrates, probe printing, immobilization and target detection were considered in the fabrication process. Within all these features, modulation of the surface behavior and probe anchoring were the most challenging aspects, as the interface is key for the immobilization of the receptors and the later detection, which will determine the performance of the final device. In this work, two microarray types have been developed, one for oligonucleotides and another one for antibodies. Then, a characterization of the reached achievements is done. All the routes have in common the use of light to catalyze the attachment of bioreceptors on the surface substrates, employing click-chemistry reactions. In the first chapter, the state of the art of microarray technology is overviewed, with special focus in the main aspects of microarray design. In the second chapter, the goals for this PhD thesis are settled. These general objectives are addressed in the following experimental chapters. In the third chapter, the effect of hydrophobicity and probe multi-point attachment on the microarray performance are studied. Thus, modulation of glass slide surfaces with alkenyl and alkynyl motifs for the anchoring of mono and multithiolated oligonucleotide probes by thiol-ene and thiol-yne photocoupling reactions, respectively, was accomplished. Surfaces modified with the most hydrophobic silane (alkynyl), or anchoring polythiolated probes, revealed better performances. These microarray systems were applied to the discrimination of SNPs and to detect bacterial genome PCR products. In the fourth chapter, a rational design for the preparation of microarrays of antibodies, is done. The immobilization approach displays the oriented anchoring of thiol-bearing antibody fragments to alkenylated glass slides by thiol-ene photocoupling reaction. Multiplexed detection of cardiac biomarkers is demonstrated. The designed microarray shows higher recognition capacity in comparison to whole antibody microarrays. In the fifth chapter, improvement of a novel methodology for the anchoring of thiolated oligonucleotides has been developed. Due to the interest on modifying highly hydrophobic surfaces, a new photoinduced reaction is set up. Thanks to the features of the named "fluor-thiol photocoupling reaction", immobilization of thiolated probes to surfaces containing C-F bonds in a fast, easy and biocompatible with aqueous media way, was achieved. Hydrophobicity of the surfaces was controlled to get successful hybridizations. Because of the high hydrophobicity of the surfaces, a huge confinement of the probes is accomplished, which allows the approximation of the analytes only where the probe is linked, keeping a high repulsion in the remaining surface. The perfluorinated glass slides improved the immobilization densities and detection capacity, regarding to the alkenylated and alkynylated surfaces, and allowed the discrimination of SNPs and detection of bacterial PCR products, as well. In the sixth chapter, other surfaces different than glass are explored. Thus, polyvinylidene fluoride membranes were employed as substrates for the development of oligonucleotide microarrays. Therefore, a fast, easy and mild functionalization process by UV irradiation and organosilane chemistry, was developed. Then, alkenyl functionalized and non-functionalized membranes were applied to microarray technology by covalent anchoring through thiol-ene and fluor-thiol photocoupling reactions, respectively. Promising results were obtained with both surfaces.[ES] La presente tesis tesis doctoral se centra en el estudio de nuevas aproximaciones capaces de mejorar el rendimiento de los microarrays. Aspectos como la naturaleza de las superficies y las sondas, la funcionalización de los sustratos, la impresión, la inmovilización y la detección de las sondas se consideraron en el proceso de fabricación. Dentro de todas estas características, la modulación de la superficie y el anclaje de la sonda fueron los aspectos más desafiantes, ya que la interfaz es clave para la inmovilización de los receptores y la posterior detección, lo que determinará el rendimiento del dispositivo final. En este trabajo, se han desarrollado dos tipos de microarrays, uno para oligonucleótidos y otro para anticuerpos. Luego, se ha realizado una caracterización de los logros alcanzados. Todas las rutas tienen en común el uso de la luz para catalizar la unión de los biorreceptores en los sustratos de la superficie, empleando reacciones de la química clic. En el primer capítulo, se facilita una visión general del estado del arte de la tecnología de microarrays con un enfoque especial en los aspectos principales del diseño de microarrays. En el segundo capítulo, se establecen los objetivos de esta tesis doctoral. Estos objetivos generales se abordan en los siguientes capítulos experimentales. En el tercer capítulo, se estudia el efecto de la hidrofobia y el uso de sondas con múltiples puntos de unión, en el rendimiento del microarray. De este modo, se llevó a cabo la modulación de superficies vidrio con grupos alquenilo y alquinilo para el anclaje de sondas de oligonucleótidos mono y multitioladas mediante las reacciones de foto anclaje del tiol-eno y tiol-ino, respectivamente. Las superficies modificadas con el silano más hidrofóbico (alquinilo) y las sondas politioladas ancladas, revelaron mejores rendimientos. Estos sistemas de microarrays se aplicaron a la discriminación de SNPs y a la detección de productos de PCR de bacterias. En el cuarto capítulo, se realiza un diseño racional para la preparación de microarrays de anticuerpos. El enfoque de inmovilización muestra el anclaje orientado de los fragmentos de anticuerpos que contienen tiol sobre superficies de vidrio alqueniladas mediante reacción de foto anclaje del tiol-eno. De esta forma, se demuestra la detección multiplexada de biomarcadores cardíacos. El microarray diseñado muestra una mayor capacidad de reconocimiento en comparación con los microarrays de anticuerpos completos. En el quinto capítulo, se ha desarrollado una nueva metodología para mejorar el anclaje de oligonucleótidos tiolados. Dado el interés en modificar superficies altamente hidrófobas, se establece una nueva reacción fotoinducida. Gracias a las características de la llamada "reacción de fotoacoplamiento de fluor-tiol", se logró la inmovilización de sondas tioladas a superficies que contienen enlaces C-F de una manera rápida, fácil y biocompatible con medios acuosos. La hidrofobicidad de las superficies se controló para obtener hibridaciones exitosas. Debido a la alta hidrofobicidad de las superficies, se logra un gran confinamiento de las sondas, lo que permite la aproximación de los analitos solo donde está unida la sonda, manteniendo una alta repulsión en la superficie restante. Las superficies de vidrio perfluoradas mejoraron las densidades de inmovilización y la capacidad de detección, con respecto a las superficies alqueniladas y alquiniladas, y también, permitieron la discriminación de SNPs y la detección de productos de PCR bacterianos. En el sexto capítulo, se exploran otras superficies diferentes al vidrio. Por lo tanto, membranas de fluoruro de polivinilideno se emplearon como sustratos para el desarrollo de microarrays de oligonucleótidos. Para ello, se desarrolló un proceso de funcionalización rápido, fácil y suave, mediante el empleo de irradiación UV y la química de los organosilanos.[CA] La present tesi doctoral es centra en l'estudi de noves aproximacions capaces de millorar el rendiment dels microarrays. Aspectes com ara la naturalesa de les superfícies i les sondes, la funcionalització dels substrats, la impressió, la immobilització i la detecció de les sondes es van considerar en el procés de fabricació. Dins de totes aquestes característiques, la modulació de la superfície i l'ancoratge de la sonda van ser els aspectes més desafiadors, ja que la interfície és clau per a la immobilització dels receptors i la posterior detecció, la qual cosa determinarà el rendiment del dispositiu final. En aquest treball, s'han desenvolupat dos tipus de microarrays, un per a oligonucleòtids i un altre per a anticossos. Després, s'ha realitzat una caracterització dels resultats aconseguits. Totes les rutes tenen en comú l'ús de la llum per a catalitzar la unió dels biorreceptores en els substrats de la superfície, emprant reaccions de la química clic. En el primer capítol, es facilita una visió general de l'estat de l'art de la tecnologia de microarrays amb un enfocament especial en els aspectes principals del disseny de microarrays. En el segon capítol, s'estableixen els objectius d'aquesta tesi doctoral. Aquests objectius generals s'aborden en els següents capítols experimentals. En el tercer capítol, s'estudia l'efecte de la hidrofòbia i l'ús de sondes amb múltiples punts d'unió, en el rendiment del microarray. D'aquesta manera, es va dur a terme la modulació de superfícies de vidre amb grups alquenil i alquinil per a l'ancoratge de sondes de oligonucleòtids mono i multitiolades mitjançant les reaccions de foto ancoratge del tiol-doble enllaç i tiol-triple enllaç, respectivament. Les superfícies modificades amb el silà més hidrofòbic (alquinil) i les sondes politiolades ancorades, van revelar els millors rendiments. Aquests sistemes de microarrays es van aplicar a la discriminació de SNPs i a la detecció de productes de PCR de bacteris. En el quart capítol, es realitza un disseny racional per a la preparació de microarrays d'anticossos. L'enfocament d'immobilització mostra l'ancoratge orientat dels fragments d'anticossos que contenen el grup tiol sobre superfícies de vidre alquenilades mitjançant reacció de foto ancoratge del tiol-doble enllaç. D'aquesta forma, es demostra la detecció multiplexada de biomarcadors cardíacs. El microarray dissenyat mostra una major capacitat de reconeixement en comparació amb els microarrays d'anticossos complets. En el cinqué capítol, s'ha desenvolupat una nova metodologia per a millorar l'ancoratge de oligonucleòtids tiolats. Donat l'interés de modificar superfícies altament hidròfobes, s'estableix una nova reacció fotoinduïda. Gràcies a les característiques de l'anomenada "reacció de fotoacoplament de fluor-tiol", es va aconseguir la immobilització de sondes tioladas a superfícies que contenen enllaços C-F d'una manera ràpida, fàcil i biocompatible amb medis aquosos. La hidrofobicitat de les superfícies es va controlar per a obtindre bones hibridacions reeixides. A causa de l'alta hidrofobicidad de les superfícies, s'aconsegueix un gran confinament de les sondes, la qual cosa permet l'aproximació dels anàlits únicament on està unida la sonda i manté una alta repulsió en la superfície restant. Les superfícies de vidre perfluorades van millorar les densitats d'immobilització i la capacitat de detecció, respecte a les superfícies alquenilades i alquinilades, i també van permetre la discriminació de SNPs i la detecció de productes de PCR bacterians. En el sisé capítol, s'exploren altres superfícies diferents al vidre. Per tant, membranes de fluorur de polivinilidé es van emprar com a substrats per al desenvolupament de microarrays d'oligonucleòtids. Per a això, es va desenvolupar un procés de funcionalització ràpid, fàcil i suau, mitjançant l'ús d'irradiació UV i la química dels organosilanAgradecer al Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España, por su programa de becas doctorales FPIJiménez Meneses, P. (2020). Study of substrate modulation and bioreceptor anchoring for the development of high performance microarrays [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/137993TESISCompendi

    Development of a combined DNA and drug extraction methodology for forensic toxicology application

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    Biological samples recovered at crime scenes may contain unsuspected and valuable evidence, such as illicit drugs, in addition to nucleic acids. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis provides valuable information to identify a suspect or victim, as well as to exclude an innocent individual as the perpetrator of a crime. Identification of drugs can also be very informative for forensic investigation to determine whether a perpetrator committed a crime under the influence of illicit substances.In the field of forensic analysis, sample preparation for identifying both DNA and drugs of abuse represents a challenge due to limited sample quantity and only trace levels of target analytes present in the matrices. As a result, an analytical approach has been developed to enable the combined extraction of DNA and four amphetamines (amphetamine [AM], methamphetamine [MA], 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine [MDA], and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine hydrochloride [MDMA]) from a small amount of sample (50 μl) using a single extraction procedure.This study has focused on solid-phase extraction (SPE) using inorganic silica-based matrices as sorbents to facilitate such sample processing. The advantages of using inorganic silica-based monoliths are due to the simple fixation of the material in a column or within a microfluidic device, their mechanical stability with organic solvents, the availability of simple surface modifications to enable the desired chemical interaction with the target molecules, and a unique bimodal structure that allows a large surface area with minimum back pressure.A dual-phase SPE method was developed consisting of silica beads modified with octadecyl groups packed inside a luer lock adapter for amphetamine extraction coupled in series with a silica-based monolith for DNA extraction within a microfluidic system for a fully combined genetic and drug extraction system.The proposed method was effective for the extraction of the target drugs from a spiked buffer and artificial urine giving an average recovery greater than 70% and 50%, respectively, with high reproducibility (˂ 15% RSD). The limits of detection were 0.6 μg ml⁻¹ for AM and MA, 0.7 μg ml⁻¹ for MDA, and 0.8 μg ml⁻¹ for MDMA with linear calibration curves between 0.625 and 20 μg ml⁻¹. The method was also able to extract DNA from the spiked TE buffer and urine sample with average extraction efficiencies of 36% and 30%, respectively, which were successfully amplified via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The proposed method is not only suitable for the combined extraction of DNA and amphetamines from a limited sample size, but also reduces sample handling and potential contamination. This method could, in future, be applied to anti-doping analysis for the detection of doping agents and conducting DNA profiling as evidence to ascertain whether samples belong to the right athletes

    From microparticles to injectable hydrogels : the role of click coupling

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