Energy-efficient circuits and systems for computational imaging and vision on mobile devices

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (pages 125-127).Eighty five percent of images today are taken by cell phones. These images are not merely projections of light from the scene onto the camera sensor but result from a deep calculation. This calculation involves a number of computational imaging algorithms such as high dynamic range (HDR) imaging, panorama stitching, image deblurring and low-light imaging that compensate for camera limitations, and a number of deep learning based vision algorithms such as face recognition, object recognition and scene understanding that make inference on these images for a variety of emerging applications. However, because of their high computational complexity, mobile CPU or GPU based implementations of these algorithms do not achieve real-time performance. Moreover, offloading these algorithms to the cloud is not a viable solution because wirelessly transmitting large amounts of image data results in long latency and high energy consumption, making them unsuitable for mobile devices. This work solves these problems by designing energy-efficient hardware accelerators targeted at these applications. It presents the architecture of two complete computational imaging systems for energy-constrained mobile environments: (1) an energy-scalable accelerator for blind image deblurring, with an on-chip implementation and (2) a low-power processor for real-time motion magnification in videos, with an FPGA implementation. It also presents a 3D imaging platform and image processing workflow for 3D surface area assessment of dermatologic lesions. It demonstrates that such accelerator-based systems can enable energy-efficient integration of computational imaging and vision algorithms into mobile and wearable devices.by Priyanka Raina.Ph. D

Automatic dental caries detection in bitewing radiographs.

Doctoral Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.Dental Caries is one of the most prevalent chronic disease around the globe. Distinguishing carious lesions has been a challenging task. Conventional computer aided diagnosis and detection methods in the past have heavily relied on visual inspection of teeth. These are only effective on large and clearly visible caries on affected teeth. Conventional methods have been limited in performance due to the complex visual characteristics of dental caries images, which consists of hidden or inaccessible lesions. Early detection of dental caries is an important determinant for treatment and benefits much from the introduction of new tools such as dental radiography. A method for the segmentation of teeth in bitewing X-rays is presented in this thesis, as well as a method for the detection of dental caries on X-ray images using a supervised model. The diagnostic method proposed uses an assessment protocol that is evaluated according to a set of identifiers obtained from a learning model. The proposed technique automatically detects hidden and inaccessible dental caries lesions in bitewing radio graphs. The approach employed data augmentation to increase the number of images in the data set in order to have a total of 11,114 dental images. Image pre-processing on the data set was through the use of Gaussian blur filters. Image segmentation was handled through thresholding, erosion and dilation morphology, while image boundary detection was achieved through active contours method. Furthermore, the deep learning based network through the sequential model in Keras extracts features from the images through blob detection. Finally, a convexity threshold value of 0.9 is introduced to aid in the classification of caries as either present or not present. The relative efficacy of the supervised model in diagnosing dental caries when compared to current systems is indicated by the results detailed in this thesis. The proposed model achieved a 97% correct diagnostic which proved quite competitive with existing models.Author's Publications are listed on page 4 of this thesis

Abstract Book

Proceedings of APP 11th ANNUAL CONVENTION AND 5th INDO SWISS CONFERENCE 16 – 17, DEC-2022 &nbsp

Textbook on Scar Management

This text book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. Written by a group of international experts in the field and the result of over ten years of collaboration, it allows students and readers to gain to gain a detailed understanding of scar and wound treatment – a topic still dispersed among various disciplines. The content is divided into three parts for easy reference. The first part focuses on the fundamentals of scar management, including assessment and evaluation procedures, classification, tools for accurate measurement of all scar-related elements (volume density, color, vascularization), descriptions of the different evaluation scales. It also features chapters on the best practices in electronic-file storage for clinical reevaluation and telemedicine procedures for safe remote evaluation. The second section offers a comprehensive review of treatment and evidence-based technologies, presenting a consensus of the various available guidelines (silicone, surgery, chemical injections, mechanical tools for scar stabilization, lasers). The third part evaluates the full range of emerging technologies offered to physicians as alternative or complementary solutions for wound healing (mechanical, chemical, anti-proliferation). Textbook on Scar Management will appeal to trainees, fellows, residents and physicians dealing with scar management in plastic surgery, dermatology, surgery and oncology, as well as to nurses and general practitioners ; Comprehensive reference covering the complete field of wounds and scar management: semiology, classifications and scoring Highly educational contents for trainees as well as professionals in plastic surgery, dermatology, surgery, oncology as well as nurses and general practitioners Fast access to information through key points, take home messages, highlights, and a wealth of clinical cases Book didactic contents enhanced by supplementary material and video

Textbook on Scar Management

This text book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. Written by a group of international experts in the field and the result of over ten years of collaboration, it allows students and readers to gain to gain a detailed understanding of scar and wound treatment – a topic still dispersed among various disciplines. The content is divided into three parts for easy reference. The first part focuses on the fundamentals of scar management, including assessment and evaluation procedures, classification, tools for accurate measurement of all scar-related elements (volume density, color, vascularization), descriptions of the different evaluation scales. It also features chapters on the best practices in electronic-file storage for clinical reevaluation and telemedicine procedures for safe remote evaluation. The second section offers a comprehensive review of treatment and evidence-based technologies, presenting a consensus of the various available guidelines (silicone, surgery, chemical injections, mechanical tools for scar stabilization, lasers). The third part evaluates the full range of emerging technologies offered to physicians as alternative or complementary solutions for wound healing (mechanical, chemical, anti-proliferation). Textbook on Scar Management will appeal to trainees, fellows, residents and physicians dealing with scar management in plastic surgery, dermatology, surgery and oncology, as well as to nurses and general practitioners ; Comprehensive reference covering the complete field of wounds and scar management: semiology, classifications and scoring Highly educational contents for trainees as well as professionals in plastic surgery, dermatology, surgery, oncology as well as nurses and general practitioners Fast access to information through key points, take home messages, highlights, and a wealth of clinical cases Book didactic contents enhanced by supplementary material and video

From micro to nanostructure: an investigation into the connective tissue of the ageing human optic nerve head

The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the micro- and nanostructural changes of the optic nerve head (ONH) regions, namely lamina cribrosa (LC), peripapillary sclera (ppsclera) and region of insertion (RoIns) as a function of age and glaucoma. The microstructure of ageing and glaucomatous ONHs have been explored following nonlinear microscopy [two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG)]. Small-angle (SAXS) and wide-angle (WAXS) X-ray diffraction have been used to explore into the nanoarchitecture of collagen and elastic fibre in the ageing ONH. X-ray microtomography (XMT) was used to assess microstructural changes of the ONH in age and glaucoma. Micro- and nanomechanics have been explored following Brillouin microscopy and the combination of SAXS/WAXS, respectively. In the ageing ppsclera, collagen crimp period increased from 19.64 ± 6.41 µm at the age 2 to 22.04 ± 10 µm at the age of 88 years (p=0.004). Elastic fibre content significantly increased from 0% in the 2 years old up to 29% in the 88 years old (p=0.003) in the LC and from 0% up to 49% (p=0.019) in the region of insertion. Significant increase in collagen fibril diameter [from 98.98 nm ± 0.9 at 22 years old to 113.01 nm ± 1.5 at the age of 85 (p=0.026)] and intermolecular Bragg spacing [from 1.44 nm ± 0.12 to 1.53 nm ± 0.32 (p=0.022)] were found along with a decreased interfibrillar spacing [from 37.63 nm ± 7.22 to 12.6 nm ± 4.54 (p=0.003)]. Collagen crimp significantly increased in the LC and region of insertion in moderate (p=0.013, p=0.013) and advanced (p=0.021, p=0.033) glaucoma. XMT enabled the discrimination of the connective tissue from the surrounding neuronal pores and 3D reconstruction of XMT dataset showed altered LC and pore shape in glaucomatous ONH. In conclusion, changes in the connective tissue of the ageing and glaucomatous ONH at both micro- and nanostructure aided in a better understanding on how the ONH responds to intraocular pressure elevation

Pay attention to what they tell you to forget: What we know, what we want, and how it affects our health

The purpose of this thesis project is to evaluate the roles of preferences and ignorance in a number of women\u27s health and wellbeing issues. In a number of cases, I will use brief, hands-on case studies to illustrate my points. I will also frequently use current examples from the news, the entertainment industry, and other media to show how my work addresses current issues of relevance. In the first chapter, I will discuss the nature of preferences and the degree to which preferences can be said to be autonomous to an individual. In the second chapter, I will discuss Nancy Tuana\u27s Taxonomy of Ignorance from her work, The Speculum of Ignorance: The Women\u27s Health Movement and Epistemologies of Ignorance (2006), and show how each of the forms of ignorance Tuana identifies can be related to my topics. In the third chapter, I will discuss the topic of female circumcision, especially in light of Martha Nussbaum\u27s Capabilities Approach. I will argue that her approach can be seen as enumerating a set of capabilities that ensure freedom of desires and preferences in a way that Nussbaum claims addresses the needs of every individual without arbitrarily valuing some preferences over others. I will then examine how Nussbaum uses her approach to criticize the practice of female circumcision, and how, alternatively, her list of central capabilities (preferences) could actually be used to defend the freedom of individuals to choose this practice. In the fourth chapter, I will explore the variety of ways cultural conceptions of beauty and sexuality have come to influence individuals, especially women and young girls. Some of the effects of cultural ideals has been an increase in women\u27s dissatisfaction with their bodies, an increase in cosmetic and surgical treatments, and an alarming trend of pairing superficial notions of femininity and beauty with androcentric conceptions of women\u27s sexuality. In the fifth chapter, I will show how one aspect of beauty culture, the cosmetics industry, uses ignorance to hide possible dangers related to use of their products. I will explore some of the reasons women prefer to use makeup and why, and explain the results of a case study I conducted on my own cosmetics usage. In the sixth chapter, I will conclude with a reprise, closing remarks and recommendations

Mathematical model of interactions immune system with Micobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health problem in the world, because of the increasing prevalence and treatment outcomes are less satisfactory. About 3 million people die each year and an estimated one third of the world's population infected with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (M.tb) is latent. This is apparently related to incomplete understanding of the immune system in infection M.tb. When this has been known that immune responses that play a role in controlling the development of M.tb is Macrophages, T Lymphocytes and Cytokines as mediators. However, how the interaction between the two populations and a variety of cytokines in suppressing the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis germ is still unclear. To be able to better understand the dynamics of infection with M tuberculosis host immune response is required of a model.One interesting study on the interaction of the immune system with M.tb mulalui mathematical model approach. Mathematical model is a good tool in understanding the dynamic behavior of a system. With the mediation of mathematical models are expected to know what variables are most responsible for suppressing the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis germ that can be a more appropriate approach to treatment and prevention target is to develop a vaccine. This research aims to create dynamic models of interaction between macrophages (Macrophages resting, macrophages activated and macrophages infected), T lymphocytes (CD4 + T cells and T cells CD8 +) and cytokine (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10,IL-12,IFN-dan TNF-) on TB infection in the lung. To see the changes in each variable used parameter values derived from experimental literature. With the understanding that the variable most responsible for defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis germs, it can be used as the basis for the development of a vaccine or drug delivery targeted so hopefully will improve the management of patients with tuberculosis. Mathematical models used in building Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) in the form of differential equation systems Non-linear first order, the equation contains the functions used in biological systems such as the Hill function, Monod function, Menten- Kinetic Function. To validate the system used 4th order Runge Kutta method with the help of software in making the program Matlab or Maple to view the behavior and the quantity of cells of each population