156,319 research outputs found
Theoretical, Measured and Subjective Responsibility in Aided Decision Making
When humans interact with intelligent systems, their causal responsibility
for outcomes becomes equivocal. We analyze the descriptive abilities of a newly
developed responsibility quantification model (ResQu) to predict actual human
responsibility and perceptions of responsibility in the interaction with
intelligent systems. In two laboratory experiments, participants performed a
classification task. They were aided by classification systems with different
capabilities. We compared the predicted theoretical responsibility values to
the actual measured responsibility participants took on and to their subjective
rankings of responsibility. The model predictions were strongly correlated with
both measured and subjective responsibility. A bias existed only when
participants with poor classification capabilities relied less-than-optimally
on a system that had superior classification capabilities and assumed
higher-than-optimal responsibility. The study implies that when humans interact
with advanced intelligent systems, with capabilities that greatly exceed their
own, their comparative causal responsibility will be small, even if formally
the human is assigned major roles. Simply putting a human into the loop does
not assure that the human will meaningfully contribute to the outcomes. The
results demonstrate the descriptive value of the ResQu model to predict
behavior and perceptions of responsibility by considering the characteristics
of the human, the intelligent system, the environment and some systematic
behavioral biases. The ResQu model is a new quantitative method that can be
used in system design and can guide policy and legal decisions regarding human
responsibility in events involving intelligent systems
Pilot decision making in a computer-aided flight management situation
An experimental representation of a computer-aided multi-task flight management situation has been developed. A computer aiding program was implemented to serve as a back-up decision maker. An experiment was conducted with a balanced design of several subject runs for different workload levels. This was achieved using three levels of subsystem event arrival rates, three levels of control task involvement, and three levels of availability of computer aiding. Experimental results compared quite favorably with those from a computer simulation which employed a queueing model. It was shown that the aiding had enhanced system performance as well as subjective ratings, and that the adaptive aiding policy further reduced subsystem delay
Computer aided manual tracking
A scheme was developed to assist the human operator by augmenting an optic sight manual tracking loop with target rate estimates from a computer control algorithm which can either be a Kalman Filter or an alpha, beta, gamma filter. The idea is for the computer to provide rate tracking while the human operator is responsible for nullifying the tracking error. A simple schematic is shown to illustrate the implementation of this concept. A hybrid real-time man-in-loop simulation was used to compare the tracking performance of the same flight trajectory with or without this form of computer-aided track. Preliminary results show the advantage of computer-aided track against high speed aircraft at close range. However, good tracking before target state estimator maturity becomes more critical for aided track than without. Results are presented for a constant velocity flight trajectory
A Computer Aided Detection system for mammographic images implemented on a GRID infrastructure
The use of an automatic system for the analysis of mammographic images has
proven to be very useful to radiologists in the investigation of breast cancer,
especially in the framework of mammographic-screening programs. A breast
neoplasia is often marked by the presence of microcalcification clusters and
massive lesions in the mammogram: hence the need for tools able to recognize
such lesions at an early stage. In the framework of the GPCALMA (GRID Platform
for Computer Assisted Library for MAmmography) project, the co-working of
italian physicists and radiologists built a large distributed database of
digitized mammographic images (about 5500 images corresponding to 1650
patients) and developed a CAD (Computer Aided Detection) system, able to make
an automatic search of massive lesions and microcalcification clusters. The CAD
is implemented in the GPCALMA integrated station, which can be used also for
digitization, as archive and to perform statistical analyses. Some GPCALMA
integrated stations have already been implemented and are currently on clinical
trial in some italian hospitals. The emerging GRID technology can been used to
connect the GPCALMA integrated stations operating in different medical centers.
The GRID approach will support an effective tele- and co-working between
radiologists, cancer specialists and epidemiology experts by allowing remote
image analysis and interactive online diagnosis.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, to appear in the Proceedings of the 13th
IEEE-NPSS Real Time Conference 2003, Montreal, Canada, May 18-23 200
Shape exploration in design : formalising and supporting a transformational process
The process of sketching can support the sort of transformational thinking that is seen as essential for the interpretation and reinterpretation of ideas in innovative design. Such transformational thinking, however, is not yet well supported by computer-aided design systems. In this paper, outcomes of experimental investigations into the mechanics of sketching are described, in particular those employed by practising architects and industrial designers as they responded to a series of conceptual design tasks,. Analyses of the experimental data suggest that the interactions of designers with their sketches can be formalised according to a finite number of generalised shape rules. A set of shape rules, formalising the reinterpretation and transformations of shapes, e.g. through deformation or restructuring, are presented. These rules are suggestive of the manipulations that need to be afforded in computational tools intended to support designers in design exploration. Accordingly, the results of the experimental investigations informed the development of a prototype shape synthesis system, and a discussion is presented in which the future requirements of such systems are explored
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