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Multimedia delivery in the future internet
The term “Networked Media” implies that all kinds of media including text, image, 3D graphics, audio
and video are produced, distributed, shared, managed and consumed on-line through various networks,
like the Internet, Fiber, WiFi, WiMAX, GPRS, 3G and so on, in a convergent manner [1]. This white
paper is the contribution of the Media Delivery Platform (MDP) cluster and aims to cover the Networked
challenges of the Networked Media in the transition to the Future of the Internet.
Internet has evolved and changed the way we work and live. End users of the Internet have been confronted
with a bewildering range of media, services and applications and of technological innovations concerning
media formats, wireless networks, terminal types and capabilities. And there is little evidence that the pace
of this innovation is slowing. Today, over one billion of users access the Internet on regular basis, more
than 100 million users have downloaded at least one (multi)media file and over 47 millions of them do so
regularly, searching in more than 160 Exabytes1 of content. In the near future these numbers are expected
to exponentially rise. It is expected that the Internet content will be increased by at least a factor of 6, rising
to more than 990 Exabytes before 2012, fuelled mainly by the users themselves. Moreover, it is envisaged
that in a near- to mid-term future, the Internet will provide the means to share and distribute (new)
multimedia content and services with superior quality and striking flexibility, in a trusted and personalized
way, improving citizens’ quality of life, working conditions, edutainment and safety.
In this evolving environment, new transport protocols, new multimedia encoding schemes, cross-layer inthe
network adaptation, machine-to-machine communication (including RFIDs), rich 3D content as well as
community networks and the use of peer-to-peer (P2P) overlays are expected to generate new models of
interaction and cooperation, and be able to support enhanced perceived quality-of-experience (PQoE) and
innovative applications “on the move”, like virtual collaboration environments, personalised services/
media, virtual sport groups, on-line gaming, edutainment. In this context, the interaction with content
combined with interactive/multimedia search capabilities across distributed repositories, opportunistic P2P
networks and the dynamic adaptation to the characteristics of diverse mobile terminals are expected to
contribute towards such a vision.
Based on work that has taken place in a number of EC co-funded projects, in Framework Program 6 (FP6)
and Framework Program 7 (FP7), a group of experts and technology visionaries have voluntarily
contributed in this white paper aiming to describe the status, the state-of-the art, the challenges and the way
ahead in the area of Content Aware media delivery platforms
ENERGY EFFICIENT WIRED NETWORKING
This research proposes a new dynamic energy management framework for a backbone Internet Protocol over Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (IP over DWDM) network. Maintaining the logical IP-layer topology is a key constraint of our architecture whilst saving energy by infrastructure sleeping and virtual router migration.
The traffic demand in a Tier 2/3 network typically has a regular diurnal pattern based on people‟s activities, which is high in working hours and much lighter during hours associated with sleep. When the traffic demand is light, virtual router instances can be consolidated to a smaller set of physical platforms and the unneeded physical platforms can be put to sleep to save energy. As the traffic demand increases the sleeping physical platforms can be re-awoken in order to host virtual router instances and so maintain quality of service.
Since the IP-layer topology remains unchanged throughout virtual router migration in our framework, there is no network disruption or discontinuities when the physical platforms enter or leave hibernation. However, this migration places extra demands on the optical layer as additional connections are needed to preserve the logical IP-layer topology whilst forwarding traffic to the new virtual router location. Consequently, dynamic optical connection management is needed for the new framework.
Two important issues are considered in the framework, i.e. when to trigger the virtual router migration and where to move virtual router instances to? For the first issue, a reactive mechanism is used to trigger the virtual router migration by monitoring the network state. Then, a new evolutionary-based algorithm called VRM_MOEA is proposed for solving the destination physical platform selection problem, which chooses the appropriate location of virtual router instances as traffic demand varies. A novel hybrid simulation platform is developed to measure the performance of new framework, which is able to capture the functionality of the optical layer, the IP layer data-path and the IP/optical control plane. Simulation results show that the performance of network energy saving depends on many factors, such as network topology, quiet and busy thresholds, and traffic load; however, savings of around 30% are possible with typical medium-sized network topologies
On-board processing satellite network architecture and control study
The market for telecommunications services needs to be segmented into user classes having similar transmission requirements and hence similar network architectures. Use of the following transmission architecture was considered: satellite switched TDMA; TDMA up, TDM down; scanning (hopping) beam TDMA; FDMA up, TDM down; satellite switched MF/TDMA; and switching Hub earth stations with double hop transmission. A candidate network architecture will be selected that: comprises multiple access subnetworks optimized for each user; interconnects the subnetworks by means of a baseband processor; and optimizes the marriage of interconnection and access techniques. An overall network control architecture will be provided that will serve the needs of the baseband and satellite switched RF interconnected subnetworks. The results of the studies shall be used to identify elements of network architecture and control that require the greatest degree of technology development to realize an operational system. This will be specified in terms of: requirements of the enabling technology; difference from the current available technology; and estimate of the development requirements needed to achieve an operational system. The results obtained for each of these tasks are presented
Software Defined Applications in Cellular and Optical Networks
abstract: Small wireless cells have the potential to overcome bottlenecks in wireless access through the sharing of spectrum resources. A novel access backhaul network architecture based on a Smart Gateway (Sm-GW) between the small cell base stations, e.g., LTE eNBs, and the conventional backhaul gateways, e.g., LTE Servicing/Packet Gateways (S/P-GWs) has been introduced to address the bottleneck. The Sm-GW flexibly schedules uplink transmissions for the eNBs. Based on software defined networking (SDN) a management mechanism that allows multiple operator to flexibly inter-operate via multiple Sm-GWs with a multitude of small cells has been proposed. This dissertation also comprehensively survey the studies that examine the SDN paradigm in optical networks. Along with the PHY functional split improvements, the performance of Distributed Converged Cable Access Platform (DCCAP) in the cable architectures especially for the Remote-PHY and Remote-MACPHY nodes has been evaluated. In the PHY functional split, in addition to the re-use of infrastructure with a common FFT module for multiple technologies, a novel cross functional split interaction to cache the repetitive QAM symbols across time at the remote node to reduce the transmission rate requirement of the fronthaul link has been proposed.Dissertation/ThesisDoctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 201
Flexible Investment Decisions in the Telecommunications Industry: Case Applications using Real Options
The telecommunications sector is one of the most innovative,
high-growth, capitalintensive yet volatile sector of the economy. This
research addresses critical concerns of how, when, and why an enterprise
or a service provider should undertake new investments. The study
investigates the power of flexibility in investment decision making
process, by applying the real options methodology. Five case
applications are studied: a) investment decisions in next generation
wireless networks; b) investing in integrated wireless networks; c)
migration to wireless broadband internet services; d) valuing deployment
of Wi-Fi networks in enterprise markets; and e) valuing Hosted VOIP
services for enterprise markets. The case studies are analyzed both
qualitatively and quantitatively
Convergence: the next big step
Recently, web based multimedia services have gained popularity and have proven themselves to be viable means of communication. This has inspired the telecommunication service providers and network operators to reinvent themselves to try and provide value added IP centric services. There was need for a system which would allow new services to be introduced rapidly with reduced capital expense (CAPEX) and operational expense (OPEX) through increased efficiency in network utilization. Various organizations and standardization agencies have been working together to establish such a system. Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is a result of these efforts. IMS is an application level system. It is being developed by 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) and 3GPP2 (3rd Generation Partnership Project 2) in collaboration with IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union – Telecommunication Standardization Sector), and ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) etc. Initially, the main aim of IMS was to bring together the internet and the cellular world, but it has extended to include traditional wire line telecommunication systems as well. It utilizes existing internet protocols such as SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), AAA (Authentication, Authorization and Accounting protocol), and COPS (Common Open Policy Service) etc, and modifies them to meet the stringent requirements of reliable, real time communication systems. The advantages of IMS include easy service quality management (QoS), mobility management, service control and integration. At present a lot of attention is being paid to providing bundled up services in the home environment. Service providers have been successful in providing traditional telephony, high speed internet and cable services in a single package. But there is very little integration among these services. IMS can provide a way to integrate them as well as extend the possibility of various other services to be added to allow increased automation in the home environment. This thesis extends the concept of IMS to provide convergence and facilitate internetworking of the various bundled services available in the home environment; this may include but is not limited to communications (wired and wireless), entertainment, security etc. In this thesis, I present a converged home environment which has a number of elements providing a variety of communication and entertainment services. The proposed network would allow effective interworking of these elements, based on IMS architecture. My aim is to depict the possible advantages of using IMS to provide convergence, automation and integration at the residential level
Developing a Framework and Pedagogies for the Delivery of Remote Accessible Laboratory Systems in Science and Engineering
The teaching and learning methods applied to the in-person classroom are not entirely capable of addressing the requirements for an online laboratory environment. The aim of the study is to create the pedagogies for remote laboratories. Therefore, a test environment was developed and user observations were captured over four years. This research proposed an educational framework for online science and engineering laboratory and summarized the most significant aspects to be included in the laboratory design
Quality of Service Controlled Multimedia Transport Protocol
PhDThis research looks at the design of an open transport protocol that supports a range of
services including multimedia over low data-rate networks. Low data-rate multimedia
applications require a system that provides quality of service (QoS) assurance and flexibility.
One promising field is the area of content-based coding. Content-based systems use an array
of protocols to select the optimum set of coding algorithms. A content-based transport
protocol integrates a content-based application to a transmission network.
General transport protocols form a bottleneck in low data-rate multimedia
communicationbsy limiting throughpuot r by not maintainingt iming requirementsT. his work
presents an original model of a transport protocol that eliminates the bottleneck by
introducing a flexible yet efficient algorithm that uses an open approach to flexibility and
holistic architectureto promoteQ oS.T he flexibility andt ransparenccyo mesi n the form of a
fixed syntaxt hat providesa seto f transportp rotocols emanticsT. he mediaQ oSi s maintained
by defining a generic descriptor. Overall, the structure of the protocol is based on a single
adaptablea lgorithm that supportsa pplication independencen, etwork independencea nd
quality of service.
The transportp rotocol was evaluatedth rougha set of assessmentos:f f-line; off-line
for a specific application; and on-line for a specific application. Application contexts used
MPEG-4 test material where the on-line assessmenuts eda modified MPEG-4 pl; yer. The
performanceo f the QoSc ontrolledt ransportp rotocoli s often bettert hano thers chemews hen
appropriateQ oS controlledm anagemenatl gorithmsa re selectedT. his is shownf irst for an
off-line assessmenwt here the performancei s compared between the QoS controlled
multiplexer,a n emulatedM PEG-4F lexMux multiplexers chemea, ndt he targetr equirements.
The performanceis also shownt o be better in a real environmentw hen the QoS controlled
multiplexeri s comparedw ith the real MPEG-4F lexMux scheme
Bandwidth management and quality of service
With the advent of bandwidth-hungry video and audio applications, demand for bandwidth is expected to exceed supply. Users will require more bandwidth and, as always, there are likely to be more users. As the Internet user base becomes more diverse, there is an increasing perception that Internet Service Providers (ISPs) should be able to differentiate between users, so that the specific needs of different types of users can be met. Differentiated services is seen as a possible solution to the bandwidth problem. Currently, however, the technology used on the Internet differentiates neither between users, nor between applications. The thesis focuses on current and anticipated bandwidth shortages on the Internet, and on the lack of a differentiated service. The aim is to identify methods of managing bandwidth and to investigate how these bandwidth management methods can be used to provide a differentiated service. The scope of the study is limited to networks using both Ethernet technology and the Internet Protocol (IP). Tile study is significant because it addresses current problems confronted by network managers. The key terms, Quality of Service (QoS) and bandwidth management, are defined. “QoS” is equated to a differentiating system. Bandwidth management is defined as any method of controlling and allocating bandwidth. Installing more capacity is taken to be a method of bandwidth management. The review of literature concentrates on Ethernet/IP networks. It begins with a detailed examination of definitions and interpretations of the term Quality of Service and shows how the meaning changed over the last decade. The review then examines congestion control, including a survey of queuing methods. Priority queuing implemented in hardware is examined in detail, followed by a review of the ReSource reserVation Protocol (RSVP) and a new version of IP (lPv6). Finally, the new standards IEEE 802.1p and IEEE 802.1Q are outlined, and parts of ISO/IEC 15802-3 are analysed. The Integrated Services Architecture (ISA), Differentiated Services (DiffServ) and MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) are seen as providing a theoretical framework for QoS development. The Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI model) is chosen as the preferred framework for investigating bandwidth management because it is more comprehensive than the alternative US Department of Defence Model (DoD model). A case study of the Edith Cowan University (ECU) data network illustrates current practice in network management. It provides concrete examples of some of the problems, methods and solutions identified in the literary review. Bandwidth management methods are identified and categorised based on the OSI layers in which they operate. Suggestions are given as to how some of these bandwidth management methods are, or can be used within current QoS architectures. The experimental work consists of two series of tests on small, experimental LANs. The tests are aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of IEEE 802.1 p prioritisation. The results suggest that in small Local Area Networks (LANs) prioritisation provides no benefit when Ethernet switches are lightly loaded
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