Depth estimation of inner wall defects by means of infrared thermography

There two common methods dealing with interpreting data from infrared thermography: qualitatively and quantitatively. On a certain condition, the first method would be sufficient, but for an accurate interpretation, one should undergo the second one. This report proposes a method to estimate the defect depth quantitatively at an inner wall of petrochemical furnace wall. Finite element method (FEM) is used to model multilayer walls and to simulate temperature distribution due to the existence of the defect. Five informative parameters are proposed for depth estimation purpose. These parameters are the maximum temperature over the defect area (Tmax-def), the average temperature at the right edge of the defect (Tavg-right), the average temperature at the left edge of the defect (Tavg-left), the average temperature at the top edge of the defect (Tavg-top), and the average temperature over the sound area (Tavg-so). Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was trained with these parameters for estimating the defect depth. Two ANN architectures, Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) network were trained for various defect depths. ANNs were used to estimate the controlled and testing data. The result shows that 100% accuracy of depth estimation was achieved for the controlled data. For the testing data, the accuracy was above 90% for the MLP network and above 80% for the RBF network. The results showed that the proposed informative parameters are useful for the estimation of defect depth and it is also clear that ANN can be used for quantitative interpretation of thermography data

Aeronautical Engineering: A special bibliography with indexes, supplement 48

This special bibliography lists 291 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in August 1974

Infrared Thermography for Weld Inspection: Feasibility and Application

Traditional ultrasonic testing (UT) techniques have been widely used to detect surface and sub-surface defects of welds. UT inspection is a contact method which burdens the manufacturer by storing hot specimens for inspection when the material is cool. Additionally, UT is only valid for 5 mm specimens or thicker and requires a highly skilled operator to perform the inspections and interpret the signals. Infrared thermography (IRT) has the potential to be implemented for weld inspections due to its non-contact nature. In this study, the feasibility of using IRT to overcome the limitations of UT inspection is investigated to detect inclusion, porosity, cracking, and lack of fusion in 38 weld specimens with thicknesses of 3, 8 and 13 mm. UT inspection was also performed to locate regions containing defects in the 8 mm and 13 mm specimens. Results showed that regions diagnosed with defects by the UT inspection lost heat faster than the sound weld. The IRT method was applied to six 3 mm specimens to detect their defects and successfully detected lack of fusion in one of them. All specimens were cut at the locations indicated by UT and IRT methods which proved the presence of a defect in 86% of the specimens. Despite the agreement with the UT inspection, the proposed IRT method had limited success in locating the defects in the 8 mm specimens. To fully implement in-line IRT-based weld inspections more investigations are required

Numerical modeling and measurement by pulsed television holography of ultrasonic displacement maps in plates with through-thickness defects

We present a novel numerical modeling of ultrasonic Lamb and Rayleigh wave propagation and scattering by through-thickness defects like holes and slots in homogeneous plates, and its experimental verification in both near and far field by a self-developed pulsed TV holography system. In contrast to rigorous vectorial formulation of elasticity theory, our model is based on the 2-D scalar wave equation over the plate surface, with specific boundary conditions in the defects and plate edges. The experimental data include complex amplitude maps of the out-of-plane displacements of the plate surface, obtained by a two-step spatiotemporal Fourier transform method. We find a fair match between the numerical and experimental results, which allows for quantitative characterization of the defects

Crack inspection and simulations with Eddy Current Thermography for the aerospace industry

La Thermographie des Courants de Foucault (Eddy Current Thermography, ECT) est une méthode de contrôle non-destructif (CND) sans contact, et de nos jours il est utilisé dans une large gamme d'applications. Cette méthode combine les techniques de courants de Foucault et des techniques de thermographies de type CND afin de fournir une méthode efficace pour la détection des fissures. Dans cette méthode, le courant de Foucault est généré dans les échantillons métalliques. Si l'échantillon contient des fissures, le déplacement du courant et la propagation de la température à l'intérieur des échantillons métalliques seraient affectés par ces fissures. Les changements de la distribution de température sont captés par une caméra infrarouge. L'un des principaux défis de cette méthode est qu'elle nécessite beaucoup de paramètres dans les expériences, tels que l’excitation des bobines: la valeur de la fréquence, le nombre de tours, le matériel de fil, le rayon de la bobine ... Afin d'optimiser les expériences, la simulation numérique est nécessaire, et le logiciel COMSOL Multiphysics® FEM est une solution très appropriée. Pendant le processus de simulation, une limite de détection de fissure a été proposée pour une fissure dans un spécimen métallique donné. Les résultats de la simulation et de la limite de détection des fissures sont également vérifiés au moyen d’expériences en laboratoire. L'objectif final de cette thèse est de fournir une image globale de la Thermographie des Courants de Foucault, la limite de détection des fissures et la manière dont la simulation ainsi que les expériences doivent être effectue afin de détecter les fissures dans les échantillons de plaques métalliques. Ces échantillons ont été fournis par L3-MAS et Pratt & Whitney Canada (PWC), les partenaires industriels impliqués dans ce projet quia été financé par le Conseil de recherches en sciences naturelles et en génie du Canada (CRSNG) et le Consortium de recherche et d'innovation en aérospatiale au Québec (CRIAQ).Eddy Current Thermography (ECT) is a non-contact, non-destructive testing (NDT) method, and nowadays it is used in a wide range of applications. This method combines eddy current and thermographic NDT techniques in order to provide an efficient method for crack detection. In this method, the eddy current is generated into metallic specimens. If the specimen contains cracks, the current flow and temperature propagation inside the metallic specimens would be affected by these cracks. The changes of temperature distribution are captured by an infrared camera. One of the main challenges in this method is that it requires many parameters in the experiments, such as coil excitations: the frequency value, number of turns, material of wire, radius of the coil...In order to optimize the experiments, numerical simulation is necessary, and COMSOL Multiphysics® FEM software is a very suitable solution. During the simulation process, a crack detection limit for a crack in a given metallic specimen has been proposed. The simulation results and crack detection limit are also verified using experiments in the laboratory. The final goal of this thesis is to provide the overall picture of the Eddy Current Thermography, crack detection limit and the manner in which to simulate as well as perform the experiments in order to detect cracks on the metallic plate specimens which were provided by L3-MAS and Pratt & Whitney Canada (P.W.C), the industrial partners involved in this project which was sponsored by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and The Consortium for Research and Innovation in Aerospace in Québec (CRIAQ)

Ensemble Joint Sparse Low Rank Matrix Decomposition for Thermography Diagnosis System

Composite is widely used in the aircraft industry and it is essential for manufacturers to monitor its health and quality. The most commonly found defects of composite are debonds and delamination. Different inner defects with complex irregular shape is difficult to be diagnosed by using conventional thermal imaging methods. In this paper, an ensemble joint sparse low rank matrix decomposition (EJSLRMD) algorithm is proposed by applying the optical pulse thermography (OPT) diagnosis system. The proposed algorithm jointly models the low rank and sparse pattern by using concatenated feature space. In particular, the weak defects information can be separated from strong noise and the resolution contrast of the defects has significantly been improved. Ensemble iterative sparse modelling are conducted to further enhance the weak information as well as reducing the computational cost. In order to show the robustness and efficacy of the model, experiments are conducted to detect the inner debond on multiple carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. A comparative analysis is presented with general OPT algorithms. Not withstand above, the proposed model has been evaluated on synthetic data and compared with other low rank and sparse matrix decomposition algorithms

2D hybrid modeling of defects in an ultrasonic inspection situation

Advanced methods of nondestructive evaluations (NDE) are widely used for in-service inspection in many industrial applications, e.g. nuclear and aerospace industries. In these applications the components are exposed to different degradation mechanisms (e. g. fatigue, corrosion, stress corrosion cracking). In-service caused defects such as fatigue and stress corrosion cracks can be sized and monitored in order to postpone repairs or replacements. The reliability of NDE methods and the interaction between applied energy and addressed defect is highly dependent on the equipment adjustment to a specific object and to the expectation of the crack features. The crack feature and morphology vary widely between different crack mechanisms and between material types, in which crack appears. Complex shaped defects, such as fatigue and stress corrosion cracks (SCC), are in many cases difficult to characterize with ultrasonic NDE methods. SCC has in many cases a heavily branched macroscopic shape with a large number of crack tips. Ultrasonic NDE method is not always reliable in sizing such defects, as the diffraction from the crack tips is commonly used as the basis for such analysis. In this case, thoroughly validated mathematical models could be used to do the parametrical studies that address such interactions.In the current work, a developed hybrid model is described. This model is based on a combination of a semi-analytical model with a numerical approach. The basic idea is to use the numerical solution for interaction between the wave and the complex shape defect, which could be done by surrounding it with a volume modelled by a finite element scheme. The analytical method is used for describing the wave propagation between the probe and the volume that contains the actual defect. Using hybrid models for parametrical study, could help to avoid costly and time-consuming experimental work

Fiscal year 1973 scientific and technical reports, articles, papers, and presentations

Formal NASA technical reports, papers published in technical journals, and presentations by MSFC personnel in FY73 are presented. Papers of MSFC contractors are also included