In Defense of the Kantian Account of Knowledge: Reply to Whiting

In this paper I defend the view that knowledge is belief for reasons that are both objectively and subjectively sufficient from an important objection due to Daniel Whiting, in this journal. Whiting argues that this view fails to deal adequately with a familiar sort of counterexample to analyses of knowledge, fake barn cases. I accept Whiting’s conclusion that my earlier paper offered an inadequate treatment of fake barn cases, but defend a new account of basic perceptual reasons that is consistent with the account of knowledge and successfully deals with fake barns

Contextualized Marketplace Ministry

The United States has conducted genocide and weaponized its institutions by the perpetuation of structural racism against African Americans both historically and contemporarily. These methods have been co-opted covertly and overtly by governmental entities, institutions, and Americans themselves. Though the Federal government and individual states have initiated potential policies on reparations, the United States has failed to implement systematic reforms. To address these disparities, my NPO states: The historical persistence of structural racism and genocide against African Americans nullifies fiduciary reparations until comprehensive reforms are adopted. Based on the research methodology and iteration processing, my NPO concentrates on African Americans as well as other minority groups during my early phase research. Reasons for such iterations are premised on four key findings: 1) African Americans as a whole have received no federal compensation as opposed to other minority subgroups 2) African Americans are uniquely disenfranchised by genocide and structural racism and therefore are essential to validating research findings 3) Proximity and specificity to African Americans is more pragmatic to implementing the MVP than attempting to address ANAIs inadequately due to the complexity of unique grievances held by individual tribal groups and 4) Addressing the problems facing African Americans will still in effect correlate to significant reforms for ANAIs and other minority communities. Implementation of the Project is based on the MVP, which is to: Create a historical, contemporary documentary that investigates the inequalities facing African Americans within institutional life while discovering the roadmap to institutional equity as a baseline for reparations. Implications for this are strategic in that cinema is highly consumable in American culture and contains a vast user audience. Finally, as a marketplace minister, my project sources relevant solutions by contextualizing ministry through cinematic arts and extending my work into the marketplace for significant ministry impact and optimal engagement

The leadership role of the urban Negro minister.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University.The purpose and procedure. This dissertation has sought to determine some of the characteristics of the leadership role of the Protestant Negro minister in the light of the urbanization of the Negro community. The study uses the characteristics, role conceptions and role expectations of Chicago Negro Baptist ministers and laymen as illustrative content and Ideal-type sociological theory as an interpretative framework. The hypotheses. The dissertation examines five hypotheses: (1) The ministerial leadership role will in its early stages be more closely related to Gemeinschaft characteristics because the urbanization involved takes place in a transplanted folk culture. (2) The role images and role expectations will reflect this urban-folk conflict and in doing so will lack role clarity. (3) The impact of urbanization upon the social characteristics of the Negro community will create a situation in which the needs for trained leadership become acute. (4) The institutional structure of the Negro church in becoming urbanized will have gained independence but needs a type of organization compatible with institutionalized ecumenical Christianity. (5) An analysis of the Negro churches in Chicago reflects this fourfold sociological condition. [TRUNCATED

Colour variation without objective colour

Colour variation is the fact that what colour physical objects look to have depends on viewing conditions and a perceiver’s visual system. Both Colour Relationalists and Colour Eliminativists regard their analyses of colour variation as central to the justification for their respective views. Yet the analyses are decidedly different. Colour Relationalists assert that most instances of colour variation are veridical and infer from this that colours are relational properties of objects that are partly determined by perceivers. By contrast, Colour Eliminativists assert that colour variation is too unsystematic to ground the claim that many or most instances of colour variation are veridical. From this they infer that objects don’t have colours. I argue that the Eliminativist analysis is superior. On my view, the Relationalist account of veridical colour experience reduces to the assertion that objects have colour simply because they cause perceivers to have colour experiences of them. In this context, I argue, the resulting conception of veridicality is vacuous. More directly, the foundational idea of Eliminativism is the opposite claim: the fact that objects cause perceivers to have colour experiences of them is on its own not sufficient to justify or ground the claim that objects have colour. The Relationalist, I argue, has failed to justify anything stronger than this. In this debate we should thus side with the Eliminativist: objects do not possess colour; they merely cause us to undergo colour experiences