Foreign Language Translation of Chemical Nomenclature by Computer

Chemical compound names remain the primary method for conveying molecular structures between chemists and researchers. In research articles, patents, chemical catalogues, government legislation, and textbooks, the use of IUPAC and traditional compound names is universal, despite efforts to introduce more machine-friendly representations such as identifiers and line notations. Fortunately, advances in computing power now allow chemical names to be parsed and generated (read and written) with almost the same ease as conventional connection tables. A significant complication, however, is that although the vast majority of chemistry uses English nomenclature, a significant fraction is in other languages. This complicates the task of filing and analyzing chemical patents, purchasing from compound vendors, and text mining research articles or Web pages. We describe some issues with manipulating chemical names in various languages, including British, American, German, Japanese, Chinese, Spanish, Swedish, Polish, and Hungarian, and describe the current state-of-the-art in software tools to simplify the process

Intertheatrical Cues and Shakespearean backstories: staging the tug of memory

This study addresses the boundary between the stage and lived experience by focusing on evocations of prior histories of Shakespeare’s characters. Taking the battle of wit carried out by means of commonplaces and proverbs in Henry V (3.7) as a focal case study, as well as considering other such telling moments in The Merchant of Venice, Antony and Cleopatra, Much Ado, Hamlet, Cymbeline, and Henry V, my investigation offers a viable approach to staging the presentation of characters’ backstories. My goal is to recover and comment on a set of principles for understanding one of the chief ways in which the Shakespearean text is set up to guide both affective and expressive interpretation of characters. More broadly, this paper involves larger questions of how memory shapes identity, including the forging of memorable moments within the given performance reflecting normative stage business and other embodied forms of intertheatricality. This essay demonstrates how attention to the playwright’s well-placed and condensed seeds of discourse—like proverbs themselves—unfold to convey whole histories and thus a backlog of information that can aid in audience understanding of characters’ interactions that motivate stage activity as well as advance the plot arc. The critical insights brought out in this essay, concerning mnemotechnical cues and declamatory triggers to conjure plausible backstories leading to incipient action in the world of the play, can be used to explore more purposefully the built-in possibilities for moving a Shakespearean text from page to stage.Cette étude porte sur la frontière entre la scène et le vécu en se focalisant sur les évocations de l’histoire antérieure de personnages shakespeariens. Prenant la lutte d’esprit sous forme de proverbes dans Henry V (3.7) comme étude de cas, mon enquête offre une approche viable aux dramaturges et aux metteurs en scène de représentations scéniques et cinématographiques pour signaler à leurs comédiens et acteurs—et, par extension, au public—des moments où les tiraillements de la mémoire sont activés à l’intérieur du texte. Plus globalement, cette étude aide à cerner la question plus large de comment la mémoire est modelée et exprimée dans des productions théâtrales et filmées, y compris la mise en oeuvre de moments mémorables dans la représentation scénique ou dans la version filmée elle-même — et, en outre, les manières dont ils font allusion à la visualisation d’une oeuvre quant à sa présentation à travers le temps, et de même pour d’autres manifestations “d’inter-théâtralité.” Spécifiquement, les aperçus critiques ressortant de cet essai (concernant des codes mnémoniques et des déclencheurs déclamatoires pour invoquer des trames de fond menant à une action dramatique naissante dans le monde de la pièce) aideront ceux qui contribuent à la représentation théâtrale à explorer de manière plus constructive les possibilités de transporter le texte shakespearien de la page à la scène

Linguistics in the digital humanities: (computational) corpus linguistics

Corpus linguistics has been closely intertwined with digital technology since the introduction of university computer mainframes in the 1960s. Making use of both digitized data in the form of the language corpus and computational methods of analysis involving concordancers and statistics software, corpus linguistics arguably has a place in the digital humanities. Still, it remains obscure and fi gures only sporadically in the literature on the digital humanities. Th is article provides an overview of the main principles of corpus linguistics and the role of computer technology in relation to data and method and also off ers a bird's-eye view of the history of corpus linguistics with a focus on its intimate relationship with digital technology and how digital technology has impacted the very core of corpus linguistics and shaped the identity of the corpus linguist. Ultimately, the article is oriented towards an acknowledgment of corpus linguistics' alignment with the digital humanities

Historical development of the windmill

Throughout history, windmill technology represented the highest levels of development in those technical fields now referred to as mechanical engineering, civil engineering, and aerodynamics. Key stages are described in the technical development of windmills as prime movers; from antiquity to construction of the well known Smith-Putnam wind turbine generator of the 1940's, which laid the foundation for modern wind turbines. Subjects covered are windmills in ancient times; the vertical axis Persian windmill; the horizontal axis European windmill (including both post mills and tower mills); technology improvements in sails, controls, and analysis; the American farm windmill; the transition from windmills to wind turbines for generating electricity at the end of the 19th century; and wind turbine development in the first half of the 20th century

Western esoterism : Ultimate Sacred Postulates and Ritual Fields

The greater part of Western Esoterism holds beliefs in five important matrices. This branch of esoterism, rooted in a Hermetic milieu, is labelled dialectical esoterism because of the dialectical relationship between the ‘lower’ (man, earth) and the ‘higher’ (heaven, the divine, God). These five matrices are: I: Purpose (pronoia), rather than karma or sin. II: The dialectical relationship between Man and God (or the divine), including the healing of other people, society and/or the Earth. III: The inter-dependency of Dualism and Monism, including the mind and/or the world as a stairway to heaven. IV: Scientific laws are synonymous with spiritual principles. V: The holistic cosmos, including the concept of ‘sympathy’ between its parts. The aim of this thesis is to make clear that Western Esoterism is unique because of the presence of the five matrices and deals with both ‘beliefs’ (recognition) and ‘doing’ (religious practices, e.g. astrology, alchemy, magic and clairvoyance). As a consequence it is also demonstrated that foreign religious ideas and practices can be assimilated because they are transformed and hence adopt new meanings in order to fit the important USP of Western Esoterism

Towards Consortship: Performing Ritual, Intercession, and Networking in Tudor and Early Stuart England

Historically, the study of consorts has largely focused on how women performed the role – generally analyzing how a particular queen acted as a royal wife, mother, and manager of her household. While this makes sense as most of the consorts in English history were women, this is not the whole picture of the varied political roles of a consort. Looking at all of the foreign-born consorts in the Tudor and early Stuart years, one can clearly see that while the duties of a wife were important for the majority of individuals who took on the mantle of consort, that description does not fit all who sat at the side of the sovereign. That is because the majority of foreign-born individuals who took on the role of consort in those years, Katherine of Aragon, Anna of Denmark, and Henriette Marie de Bourbon, were all indeed royal wives, in addition to being royal consorts. Philip of Spain, though, was a consort but was certainly not a royal wife. In this dissertation, I argue that a consort’s duties, while encompassing their role as a royal wife or husband, were largely political in nature and were facets of peaceweaving. Children were never a guarantee, but a foreign-born consort brought the possibilities of peace and prosperity to England through their marriage, their capacity for intercession, the crafting and utilization of domestic networks of obligation, and the maintenance of their natal and friendship networks abroad. Advisor: Carole Levi