86,654 research outputs found
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Informal fallacies as cognitive heuristics in public health reasoning
The public must make assessments of a range of health-related issues. However, these assessments require scientific knowledge which is often lacking or ineffectively utilized by the public. Lay people must use whatever cognitive resources are at their disposal to come to judgement on these issues. It will be contended that a group of arguments - so-called informal fallacies - are a valuable cognitive resource in this regard. These arguments serve as cognitive heuristics which facilitate reasoning when knowledge is limited or beyond the grasp of reasoners. The results of an investigation into the use of these arguments by the public are reported
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The use of "no evidence" statements in public health
Public health communication makes extensive use of a linguistic formulation that will be called the "no evidence" statement. This is a written or spoken statement of the form "There is no evidence that P" where P stands for a proposition that typically describes a human health risk. Danger lurks in these expressions for the hearer or reader who is not logically perspicacious, as arguments that use them are only warranted under certain conditions. The extent to which members of the public are able to determine what those conditions are will be considered by examining data obtained from 879 subjects. The role of "no evidence" statements as cognitive heuristics in public health reasoning is considered
Double Whammy - How ICT Projects are Fooled by Randomness and Screwed by Political Intent
The cost-benefit analysis formulates the holy trinity of objectives of
project management - cost, schedule, and benefits. As our previous research has
shown, ICT projects deviate from their initial cost estimate by more than 10%
in 8 out of 10 cases. Academic research has argued that Optimism Bias and Black
Swan Blindness cause forecasts to fall short of actual costs. Firstly, optimism
bias has been linked to effects of deception and delusion, which is caused by
taking the inside-view and ignoring distributional information when making
decisions. Secondly, we argued before that Black Swan Blindness makes
decision-makers ignore outlying events even if decisions and judgements are
based on the outside view. Using a sample of 1,471 ICT projects with a total
value of USD 241 billion - we answer the question: Can we show the different
effects of Normal Performance, Delusion, and Deception? We calculated the
cumulative distribution function (CDF) of (actual-forecast)/forecast. Our
results show that the CDF changes at two tipping points - the first one
transforms an exponential function into a Gaussian bell curve. The second
tipping point transforms the bell curve into a power law distribution with the
power of 2. We argue that these results show that project performance up to the
first tipping point is politically motivated and project performance above the
second tipping point indicates that project managers and decision-makers are
fooled by random outliers, because they are blind to thick tails. We then show
that Black Swan ICT projects are a significant source of uncertainty to an
organisation and that management needs to be aware of
Experiments in Distributive Justice and Their Limits
Mark Pennington argues political systems should be decentralized in order to facilitate experimental learning about distributive justice. Pointing out the problems with Pennington's Hayekian formulation, I reframe his argument as an extension of the Millian idea of 'experiments in living.' However, the experimental case for decentralization is limited in several ways. Even if decentralization improves our knowledge about justice, it impedes the actual implementation of all conceptions of justice other than libertarianism. I conclude by arguing for the compatibility of egalitarian redistribution with the epistemic virtues of markets pointed out by Hayek
Quantum Bit Commitment with a Composite Evidence
Entanglement-based attacks, which are subtle and powerful, are usually
believed to render quantum bit commitment insecure. We point out that the no-go
argument leading to this view implicitly assumes the evidence-of-commitment to
be a monolithic quantum system. We argue that more general evidence structures,
allowing for a composite, hybrid (classical-quantum) evidence, conduce to
improved security. In particular, we present and prove the security of the
following protocol: Bob sends Alice an anonymous state. She inscribes her
commitment by measuring part of it in the + (for ) or (for
) basis. She then communicates to him the (classical) measurement outcome
and the part-measured anonymous state interpolated into other, randomly
prepared qubits as her evidence-of-commitment.Comment: 6 pages, minor changes, journal reference adde
Project: Screenplay Finding Andy
This paper is about my screenplay entitled Finding Andy which I use as my final project. The screenplay itself is a story about a teenage girl who wants to improve her family's poor communication. For my theory, I use John Gottman's âThe Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Modelâ about family conflict. The theory helps me to shape my characters' behavior towards each others. Since my characters has better relationship even though the brother dies in the end, I tend to use the worst level of family conflict in the beginning of the story and it gradually changes into successful communication which leads to good relationship. The theory helps me to give example of family's poor communication to the audiences. I also do an observation on some families with poor communications and Rangkah Rejo neighborhood in Eastern Surabaya to build the setting's circumstances. From this creative work, I expect that it is made into films, like what screenplay is for, so that the audiences realize that this kind of family exists
Organizing Economic Experiments The Role of Firms
Many economists, including Austrian economists, have argued that the market process is essentially an experimental process. We briefly try to clarify this conceptualization, and then argue that we may understand the firm in much the same light. A basic view of the firm as an experimental entity is derived, drawing on property rights insights.The theory of the firm, Austrian economics, property rights
Inadvertent Disclosure, the Attorney-Client Privilege, and Legal Ethics: An Examination and Suggestion for Alaska
LantmÀteriets stödenhet Utveckling och IT (UIT) ska inför ett mer agilt arbetssÀtt. Den agila arbetsmetoden ifrÄga Àr Lean Thinking, den vÀsterlÀndska adaptionen av Toyota Production System. För att underlÀtta vid en övergÄng till det nya arbetssÀttet, kartlÀggs de inledande faserna i projektarbetet, dÄ dessa saknar specifika anvisningar i den nuvarande projektstyrningsmodellen, Praktisk projektstyrning (PPS). UtifrÄn kartlÀggningen utfördes sÄ en tvÄstegsanalys, den första utifrÄn ett distribuerat kognitivt perspektiv och sedan utifrÄn de fem huvudprinciper frÄn Lean Thinking. Resultatet frÄn analysen resulterade sedan i ett antal förÀndringspunkter som UIT kan anvÀnda sig av vid bytet av arbetssÀtt. Dessa punkter inkluderar förslag att utnyttja digitala systems potential, skapa ett kontinuerligt flöde i arbetsprocessen genom att minska antalet pÄgÄende arbetsuppgifter pÄ en kanbantavla samt att projektgruppen har en medvetenhet om de olika system som anvÀnds förmÄga att hÄlla information aktuell
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