747 research outputs found

    Integrated Microwave Photonic Processors using Waveguide Mesh Cores

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    Integrated microwave photonics changes the scaling laws of information and communication systems offering architectural choices that combine photonics with electronics to optimize performance, power, footprint and cost. Application Specific Photonic Integrated Circuits, where particular circuits/chips are designed to optimally perform particular functionalities, require a considerable number of design and fabrication iterations leading to long-development times and costly implementations. A different approach inspired by electronic Field Programmable Gate Arrays is the programmable Microwave Photonic processor, where a common hardware implemented by the combination of microwave, photonic and electronic subsystems, realizes different functionalities through programming. Here, we propose the first-ever generic-purpose Microwave Photonic processor concept and architecture. This versatile processor requires a powerful end-to-end field-based analytical model to optimally configure all their subsystems as well as to evaluate their performance in terms of the radiofrequency gain, noise and dynamic range. Therefore, we develop a generic model for integrated Microwave Photonics systems. The key element of the processor is the reconfigurable optical core. It requires high flexibility and versatility to enable reconfigurable interconnections between subsystems as well as the synthesis of photonic integrated circuits. For this element, we focus on a 2-dimensional photonic waveguide mesh based on the interconnection of tunable couplers. Within the framework of this Thesis, we have proposed two novel interconnection schemes, aiming for a mesh design with a high level of versatility. Focusing on the hexagonal waveguide mesh, we explore the synthesis of a high variety of photonic integrated circuits and particular Microwave Photonics applications that can potentially be performed on a single hardware. In addition, we report the first-ever demonstration of such reconfigurable waveguide mesh in silicon. We demonstrate a world-record number of functionalities on a single photonic integrated circuit enabling over 30 different functionalities from the 100 that could be potentially obtained with a simple seven hexagonal cell structure. The resulting device can be applied to different fields including communications, chemical and biomedical sensing, signal processing, multiprocessor networks as well as quantum information systems. Our work is an important step towards this paradigm and sets the base for a new era of generic-purpose photonic integrated systems.Los dispositivos integrados de fotónica de microondas ofrecen soluciones optimizadas para los sistemas de información y comunicación. Generalmente, están compuestos por diferentes arquitecturas en las que subsistemas ópticos y electrónicos se integran para optimizar las prestaciones, el consumo, el tamaño y el coste del dispositivo final. Hasta ahora, los circuitos/chips de propósito específico se han diseñado para proporcionar una funcionalidad concreta, requiriendo así un número considerable de iteraciones entre las etapas de diseño, fabricación y medida, que origina tiempos de desarrollo largos y costes demasiado elevados. Una alternativa, inspirada por las FPGA (del inglés Field Programmable Gate Array), es el procesador fotónico programable. Este dispositivo combina la integración de subsistemas de microondas, ópticos y electrónicos para realizar, mediante la programación de los mismos y sus interconexiones, diferentes funcionalidades. En este trabajo, proponemos por primera vez el concepto del procesador de propósito general, así como su arquitectura. Además, con el fin de diseñar, optimizar y evaluar las prestaciones básicas del dispositivo, hemos desarrollado un modelo analítico extremo a extremo basado en las componentes del campo electromagnético. El modelo desarrollado proporciona como resultado la ganancia, el ruido y el rango dinámico global para distintas configuraciones de modulación y detección, en función de los subsistemas y su configuración. El elemento principal del procesador es su núcleo óptico reconfigurable. Éste requiere un alto grado de flexibilidad y versatilidad para reconfigurar las interconexiones entre los distintos subsistemas y para sintetizar los circuitos para el procesado óptico. Para este subsistema, proponemos el diseño de guías de onda reconfigurables para la creación de mallados bidimensionales. En el marco de esta tesis, hemos propuesto dos nuevos nodos de interconexión óptica para mallas reconfigurables, con el objetivo de obtener un mayor grado de versatilidad. Una vez escogida la malla hexagonal para el núcleo del procesador, hemos analizado la configuración de un gran número de circuitos fotónicos integrados y de funcionalidades de fotónica de microondas. El trabajo se ha completado con la demonstración de la primera malla reconfigurable integrada en un chip de silicio, demostrando además la síntesis de 30 de las 100 funcionalidades que potencialmente se pueden obtener con la malla diseñada compuesta de 7 celdas hexagonales. Este hecho supone un record frente a los sistemas de propósito específico. El sistema puede aplicarse en diferentes campos como las comunicaciones, los sensores químicos y biomédicos, el procesado de señales, la gestión y procesamiento de redes y los sistemas de información cuánticos. El conjunto del trabajo realizado representa un paso importante en la evolución de este paradigma, y sienta las bases para una nueva era de dispositivos fotónicos de propósito general.Els dispositius integrats de Fotònica de Microones oferixen solucions optimitzades per als sistemes d'informació i comunicació. Generalment, estan compostos per diferents arquitectures en què subsistemes òptics i electrònics s'integren per a optimitzar les prestacions, el consum, la grandària i el cost del dispositiu final. Fins ara, els circuits/xips de propòsit específic s'han dissenyat per a proporcionar una funcionalitat concreta, requerint així un nombre considerable d'iteracions entre les etapes de disseny, fabricació i mesura, que origina temps de desenrotllament llargs i costos massa elevats. Una alternativa, inspirada per les FPGA (de l'anglés Field Programmable Gate Array), és el processador fotònic programable. Este dispositiu combina la integració de subsistemes de microones, òptics i electrònics per a realitzar, per mitjà de la programació dels mateixos i les seues interconnexions, diferents funcionalitats. En este treball proposem per primera vegada el concepte del processador de propòsit general, així com la seua arquitectura. A més, a fi de dissenyar, optimitzar i avaluar les prestacions bàsiques del dispositiu, hem desenrotllat un model analític extrem a extrem basat en els components del camp electromagnètic. El model desenrotllat proporciona com resultat el guany, el soroll i el rang dinàmic global per a distintes configuracions de modulació i detecció, en funció dels subsistemes i la seua configuració. L'element principal del processador és el seu nucli òptic reconfigurable. Este requerix un alt grau de flexibilitat i versatilitat per a reconfigurar les interconnexions entre els distints subsistemes i per a sintetitzar els circuits per al processat òptic. Per a este subsistema, proposem el disseny de guies d'onda reconfigurables per a la creació de mallats bidimensionals. En el marc d'esta tesi, hem proposat dos nous nodes d'interconnexió òptica per a malles reconfigurables, amb l'objectiu d'obtindre un major grau de versatilitat. Una vegada triada la malla hexagonal per al nucli del processador, hem analitzat la configuració d'un gran nombre de circuits fotónicos integrats i de funcionalitats de fotónica de microones. El treball s'ha completat amb la demostració de la primera malla reconfigurable integrada en un xip de silici, demostrant a més la síntesi de 30 de les 100 funcionalitats que potencialment es poden obtindre amb la malla dissenyada composta de 7 cèl·lules hexagonals. Este fet suposa un rècord enfront dels sistemes de propòsit específic. El sistema pot aplicarse en diferents camps com les comunicacions, els sensors químics i biomèdics, el processat de senyals, la gestió i processament de xarxes i els sistemes d'informació quàntics. El conjunt del treball realitzat representa un pas important en l'evolució d'este paradigma, i assenta les bases per a una nova era de dispositius fotónicos de propòsit general.Pérez López, D. (2017). Integrated Microwave Photonic Processors using Waveguide Mesh Cores [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/91232TESI

    Principles, fundamentals, and applications of programmable integrated photonics

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    [EN] Programmable integrated photonics is an emerging new paradigm that aims at designing common integrated optical hardware resource configurations, capable of implementing an unconstrained variety of functionalities by suitable programming, following a parallel but not identical path to that of integrated electronics in the past two decades of the last century. Programmable integrated photonics is raising considerable interest, as it is driven by the surge of a considerable number of new applications in the fields of telecommunications, quantum information processing, sensing, and neurophotonics, calling for flexible, reconfigurable, low-cost, compact, and low-power-consuming devices that can cooperate with integrated electronic devices to overcome the limitation expected by the demise of Moore¿s Law. Integrated photonic devices exploiting full programmability are expected to scale from application-specific photonic chips (featuring a relatively low number of functionalities) up to very complex application-agnostic complex subsystems much in the same way as field programmable gate arrays and microprocessors operate in electronics. Two main differences need to be considered. First, as opposed to integrated electronics, programmable integrated photonics will carry analog operations over the signals to be processed. Second, the scale of integration density will be several orders of magnitude smaller due to the physical limitations imposed by the wavelength ratio of electrons and light wave photons. The success of programmable integrated photonics will depend on leveraging the properties of integrated photonic devices and, in particular, on research into suitable interconnection hardware architectures that can offer a very high spatial regularity as well as the possibility of independently setting (with a very low power consumption) the interconnection state of each connecting element. Integrated multiport interferometers and waveguide meshes provide regular and periodic geometries, formed by replicating unit elements and cells, respectively. In the case of waveguide meshes, the cells can take the form of a square, hexagon, or triangle, among other configurations. Each side of the cell is formed by two integrated waveguides connected by means of a Mach¿Zehnder interferometer or a tunable directional coupler that can be operated by means of an output control signal as a crossbar switch or as a variable coupler with independent power division ratio and phase shift. In this paper, we provide the basic foundations and principles behind the construction of these complex programmable circuits. We also review some practical aspects that limit the programming and scalability of programmable integrated photonics and provide an overview of some of the most salient applications demonstrated so far.European Research Council; Conselleria d'Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Esport; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades; European Cooperation in Science and Technology; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme.Pérez-López, D.; Gasulla Mestre, I.; Dasmahapatra, P.; Capmany Francoy, J. (2020). Principles, fundamentals, and applications of programmable integrated photonics. Advances in Optics and Photonics. 12(3):709-786. https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.387155709786123Lyke, J. C., Christodoulou, C. G., Vera, G. A., & Edwards, A. H. (2015). An Introduction to Reconfigurable Systems. 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    This paper presents SIRENA, a CAD environment for the simulation and modelling of mixed-signal VLSI parallel processing chips based on cellular neural networks. SIRENA includes capabilities for: (a) the description of nominal and non-ideal operation of CNN analogue circuitry at the behavioural level; (b) performing realistic simulations of the transient evolution of physical CNNs including deviations due to second-order effects of the hardware; and, (c) evaluating sensitivity figures, and realize noise and Monte Carlo simulations in the time domain. These capabilities portray SIRENA as better suited for CNN chip development than algorithmic simulation packages (such as OpenSimulator, Sesame) or conventional neural networks simulators (RCS, GENESIS, SFINX), which are not oriented to the evaluation of hardware non-idealities. As compared to conventional electrical simulators (such as HSPICE or ELDO-FAS), SIRENA provides easier modelling of the hardware parasitics, a significant reduction in computation time, and similar accuracy levels. Consequently, iteration during the design procedure becomes possible, supporting decision making regarding design strategies and dimensioning. SIRENA has been developed using object-oriented programming techniques in C, and currently runs under the UNIX operating system and X-Windows framework. It employs a dedicated high-level hardware description language: DECEL, fitted to the description of non-idealities arising in CNN hardware. This language has been developed aiming generality, in the sense of making no restrictions on the network models that can be implemented. SIRENA is highly modular and composed of independent tools. This simplifies future expansions and improvements.Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología TIC96-1392-C02-0

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    [EN] We describe the advances that we, and others, have reported during the last years in the area of programmable microwave photonic processors. Following a brief historical sketch, we provide a detailed account of the salient theoretical and experimental results recently reported on waveguide mesh optical core processors. The incorporation of a waveguide mesh optical core into the general microwave photonics programmable processor architecture is then addressed. We illustrate through different examples how this processor can be programmed to enable the most important functionalities required in microwave photonics.This work was supported in part by the European research Council under Grant ERC-ADG-2016-471715 UMWP-CHIP and in part by the Generalitat Valencia under Project PROMETEO-2017-103.Pérez-López, D.; Gasulla Mestre, I.; Capmany Francoy, J. (2018). Toward Programmable Microwave Photonics Processors. Journal of Lightwave Technology. 36(2):519-532. https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2017.2778741S51953236

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    The main design principles in computer architecture have recently shifted from a monolithic scaling-driven approach to the development of heterogeneous architectures that tightly co-integrate multiple specialized processor and memory chiplets. In such data-hungry multi-chip architectures, current Networksin- Package (NiPs) may not be enough to cater to their heterogeneous and fast-changing communication demands. This position paper makes the case for wireless in-package networking as the enabler of efficient and versatile wired-wireless interconnect fabrics for massive heterogeneous processors. To that end, the use of graphene-based antennas and transceivers with unique frequency-beam reconfigurability in the terahertz band is proposed. The feasibility of such a wireless vision and the main research challenges towards its realization are analyzed from the technological, communications, and computer architecture perspectives
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