Global and Regional Navigation Satellite Systems: Security and Defense Applications and Intentional Threats against them

Η δορυφορική πλοήγηση είναι μία διαστημική ικανότητα που παρέχει υπηρεσίες σχετικές με πληροφορίες για τη θέση, την ταχύτητα και τον χρόνο σε χρήστες εξοπλισμένους με κατάλληλους δέκτες και που σήμερα έχει μεγάλη επιρροή στην καθημερινή μας ζωή. Επί του παρόντος, τέσσερα παγκόσμια δορυφορικά συστήματα πλοήγησης με παγκόσμια κάλυψη βρίσκονται σε λειτουργίαˑ επιπλέον, υπάρχουν δύο περιφερειακά δορυφορικά συστήματα πλοήγησης που καλύπτουν μόνο συγκεκριμένες περιοχές. Σε αυτή τη διπλωματική εργασία περιγράφονται η δορυφορική πλοήγηση και οι βασικές αρχές λειτουργίας της. Παρουσιάζονται τα παγκόσμια και τα περιφερειακά δορυφορικά συστήματα πλοήγησης, καθώς και μία τεχνική σύγκριση μεταξύ αυτών των συστημάτων. Αυτή η διπλωματική εργασία κάνει επίσης μία συζήτηση για τις εφαρμογές της δορυφορικής πλοήγησης που αφορούν σε θέματα ασφάλειας και άμυνας, τα οποία είναι πολύ σημαντικά και στους δύο τομείς, τον στρατιωτικό και τον πολιτικό. Παρουσιάζονται οι σκόπιμες απειλές εναντίον των δορυφορικών συστημάτων πλοήγησης, δηλαδή οι παρεμβολές θορύβου και παραπλάνησης του σήματος αυτών των συστημάτων και συζητούνται οι πιο σημαντικές τεχνικές ανίχνευσης και μείωσης αυτών των απειλών. Τα συμπεράσματα της διπλωματικής εργασίας επικεντρώνονται στη βελτίωση της απόδοσης των δορυφορικών συστημάτων πλοήγησης και στην ελάττωση της τρωτότητας αυτών των συστημάτων απέναντι στις σκόπιμες παρεμβολές εναντίον τους.Satellite navigation is a space capability that provides positioning, velocity and time information to users equipped with the suitable receiver and today has a significant influence on everyday life. Currently, four global navigation satellite systems with global coverage are operational; furthermore, two regional navigation satellite systems cover only specific areas. In this master thesis satellite navigation and its basic principles of operation are described. The global and the regional navigation satellite systems as well as a technical comparison between these systems are presented. This thesis also discusses satellite navigation applications concerning security and defense issues, which are of great importance for both military and civil sectors. The intentional threats against the navigation satellite systems, that is, jamming and spoofing interference of the signal of these systems, are presented and some of the most important techniques for detection and mitigation of these threats are discussed. The conclusions of this thesis concentrate on improving the performance of the navigation satellite systems, and reducing the vulnerability of these systems towards the intentional interference against them

Deviation warnings of ferries based on artificial potential field and historical data

Ferries are usually used for transporting passengers and vehicles among docks, and any deviation of the course can lead to serious consequences. Therefore, transportation ferries must be watched closely by local maritime administrators, which involves much manpower. With the use of historical data, this article proposes an intelligent method of integrating artificial potential field with Bayesian Network to trigger deviation warnings for a ferry based on its trajectory, speed and course. More specifically, a repulsive potential field-based model is first established to capture a customary waterway of ferries. Subsequently, a method based on non-linear optimisation is introduced to train the coefficients of the proposed repulsive potential field. The deviation of a ferry from the customary route can then be quantified by the potential field. Bayesian Network is further introduced to trigger deviation warnings in accordance with the distribution of deviation values, speeds and courses. Finally, the proposed approach is validated by the historical data of a chosen ferry on a specific route. The testing results show that the approach is capable of providing deviation warnings for ferries accurately and can offer a practical solution for maritime supervision. © IMechE 2019

The regime complex of global space governance : the international space politics of the 21st century

Post-Cold War trends in national space-capability building and the liberalization of the global space economy have expanded the concerns of states in international astropolitics from security as such to other issue areas, including safety, economic growth and social development, and sustainability. Since the beginning of the 21st Century, the constellation of international space regimes has continued to expand, while the global governing architecture has fragmented. Within a ‘regime complex’ analytical framework, this work presents two interpretive narratives of the strategic, functional and organizational aspects that explain the design and evolution of ‘the regime complex of global space security governance’ and ‘the GNSSs regime complex’. The case studies chart the dynamics of international space politics and analyze the growing structural fragmentation of the complex global scheme of space governance. An additional enabling factor such as innovation was identified as vital to reinforce the growth of regime complex in global space governance

Autonóm intelligens járművek helyzete Európa

In 2014, a future route was planned between Rotterdam and Vienna, where – in the coming years - they want to realize the first cross-Europe corridor of the cooperative, intelligent transport system. Even in everyday life, we hear about the increased use of autonomous vehicles now. We are now able to come across driverless metros from Budapest to Paris. The marketable variation of the different automated vehicles (such as buses, truck, cars) are being developed and tested. We’ve been witnessing the success and failure of some of the early models. According to this, the Europe-wide mobility will – with the networking of the various transportation systems and spreading of the individual and public transportation that is capable of autonomous operation - probably change the verticum of the whole society, which will create one of the essential pillars of the intelligent city

Autonóm intelligens járművek helyzete Európa

In 2014, a future route was planned between Rotterdam and Vienna, where – in the coming years - they want to realize the first cross-Europe corridor of the cooperative, intelligent transport system. Even in everyday life, we hear about the increased use of autonomous vehicles now. We are now able to come across driverless metros from Budapest to Paris. The marketable variation of the different automated vehicles (such as buses, truck, cars) are being developed and tested. We’ve been witnessing the success and failure of some of the early models. According to this, the Europe-wide mobility will – with the networking of the various transportation systems and spreading of the individual and public transportation that is capable of autonomous operation - probably change the verticum of the whole society, which will create one of the essential pillars of the intelligent city

RUSSIA AND CHINA IN SPACE: SECURITY AND DEFENSE CAPABILITIES. IMPLICATIONS OF BILATERAL COOPERATION.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία παρέχει μια εις βάθος ανάλυση των πτυχών άμυνας και ασφάλειας των ρωσικών και κινεζικών διαστημικών προγραμμάτων. Εξετάζει τις πολιτικές και τις προτεραιότητες των δύο χωρών στο διάστημα, τις στρατηγικές τους για τη χρήση διαστημικών πόρων και τις προοπτικές τους για διεθνή συνεργασία. Η μελέτη επικεντρώνεται σε στρατιωτικές εφαρμογές της διαστημικής τεχνολογίας, συμπεριλαμβανομένων των δορυφορικών αμυντικών συστημάτων και των αντί-δορυφορικών όπλων. Λαμβάνει επίσης υπόψη τις γεωπολιτικές επιπτώσεις των διαστημικών προγραμμάτων αυτών των δύο χωρών. Η Κίνα είναι μια ανερχόμενη δύναμη σε γεωπολιτικό, οικονομικό και τεχνολογικό επίπεδο, αμφισβητώντας την παγκόσμια κυριαρχία των ΗΠΑ. Η συνεργασία της με τη Ρωσία έχει καθοριστική στρατηγική σημασία. Η εισβολή της Ρωσίας στην Ουκρανία έχει αλλάξει το γεωπολιτικό τοπίο, προκαλώντας μετατοπίσεις στις διεθνείς οικονομικές, στρατιωτικές και τεχνολογικές συμμαχίες. Η παρούσα εργασία εξετάζει αυτές τις εξελίξεις και τις αναμενόμενες διεθνείς επιπτώσεις τους για τη διαστημική βιομηχανία και τη συνεργασία μεταξύ διαστημικών οργανισμών, ιδιαίτερα μετά την επιβολή των δυτικών κυρώσεων κατά της Ρωσίας.This thesis provides an in-depth analysis of the defense and security aspects of the Russian and Chinese space programs. It examines the countries’ policies and priorities in space, their strategies for utilizing space assets, and their prospects for international collaboration. The study focuses on military applications of space technology including satellite defense systems and anti-satellites weapons. It also considers the geopolitical implications of the space programs of these two countries. China is a rising power in geopolitics, economics, and technology, challenging the global dominance of the U.S. Its collaboration with Russia holds significant strategic importance. The invasion of Ukraine by Russia has shifted the geopolitical landscape, triggering changes in economic, military, and technological alliances. This thesis examines these developments and their expected international implications for the space industry and collaboration among space organizations, particularly after the imposition of Western sanctions against Russia

Bewertung und Verifikation der Leistung der satellitenbasierten Zugortung

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are potentially applicable for various railway applications, especially the safety-related applications such as train localisation for the purpose of train control. In order to integrate GNSS for train localisation, a trustable stand-alone GNSS-based localisation unit should be developed. Then to comply with EN 50126 (reliability, availability, maintainability, and safety; RAMS) standards, the demonstration of GNSS quality of service (QoS) should be evaluated in consistent with RAMS. However there are currently no appropriate performance evaluation methods on GNSS for railway safety-related applications. This dissertation identifies the required performance for train localisation in consideration of GNSS QoS and railway RAMS. The common and different properties of the performance are analysed in detail using consistent attribute hierarchy structures based on UML class diagram. Then formalised performance requirements are proposed quantitatively on four properties (accuracy, reliability, availability, and safety integrity). After that, the evaluation and verification methodologies are introduced. The evaluation methodology is using a reference measurement system for GNSS receiver measured train location accuracy identification, and a stochastic Petri net (SPN) model for GNSS receiver measured train location accuracy categorisation. The SPN model illustrates the GNSS receiver measured train locations into three states (up state, degraded state, and faulty state). Then the four proposed properties are allocated and estimated formally using the three states in the SPN model. The verification methodology is used to verify the GNSS receiver measured train location in real time based on a localisation unit. The GNSS receiver measured train locations are verified using hypothesis testing methods based on the accurate digital track map provided beforehand. Then train location estimation from the localisation unit is verified according to the mileage of the train. With the verified train location estimation from the localisation unit, the corresponding safety margin for each train location is calculated. The data for evaluation and verification methodologies are collected from a test train running on a railway track in High Tatra Mountains. The results show an approach of the possible certification procedure for the GNSS receivers in railway safety-related applications.Globales Satellitennavigationssystem (GNSS) können für verschiedene Anwendungen im Schienenverkehr, vor allem für sicherheitsrelevante Anwendungen wie Zugortung zum Zweck der Zugsicherung gestützt werden. Um GNSS für Zugortung zu integrieren, muss eine eigenständige satellitenbasierte Ortungseinheit entwickelt werden. Um die Entwicklung in Einklang mit EN 50126 (Überlebensfähigkeit, Verfügbarkeit, Instandhaltbarkeit, und Sicherheit; RAMS) durchzuführen, muss der Nachweis der Güte von GNSS (Quality of Service; QoS) entsprechend in Einklang mit dieser Norm bewertet werden. Allerdings gibt es zurzeit keine RAMS Bewertungsverfahren für satellitenbasierte sicherheitsrelevante Anwendungen im Schienenverkehr. Diese Dissertation identifiziert die notwendigen Anforderungen für die Zugortung unter Berücksichtigung der Güte von GNSS und den bestehenden Normen bezüglich RAMS im Schienenverkehr. Die gemeinsamen und unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften der Anforderungen werden detailliert mit Nutzung einer Attributhierarchie basierend auf UML-Klassendiagrammen dargestellt. Danach werden formalisierte Leistungsanforderungen quantitativ für vier Eigenschaften (Genauigkeit, Zuverlässigkeit, Verfügbarkeit und Sicherheitsintegrität) vorgeschlagen. Darauf aufbauend werden die Bewertungs- und Verifikations- Methoden eingeführt. Die Bewertungsmethode nutzt ein Referenzmesssystem zur Identifikation der Zugortungsgenauigkeit der GNSS Empfänger und ein stochastischen Petri-Netz-Modell (SPN-Modell) für die Kategorisierung der GNSS Empfänger Zugortmessungen. Das SPN-Modell veranschaulicht die GNSS Empfänger Zugortmessungen in drei Zuständen (up state, degraded state, faulty state). Dann werden die vier vorgeschlagenen Eigenschaften zugeordnet und formal mit Nutzung der drei Zustände im SPN-Modell geschätzt. Die Verifikationsmethode wird verwendet, um die GNSS Empfänger Zugortmessungen in Echtzeit zu verifizieren. Die GNSS Empfänger Zugortmessungen werden mit einer Hypothesentestmethode auf der Grundlage der genauen digitalen Streckenkarte verifiziert. Mit der verifizierten geschätzten Zugortmessung wird der resultierende Sicherheitsbereich für jeden Zugort berechnet. Die Daten für die Auswertungs- und Verifikationsmethoden wurden von einem Zug im Regelbetrieb auf einer Eisenbahnstrecke in der Hohen Tatra gesammelt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen einen Ansatz der möglichen Zertifizierungsverfahren für die GNSS-Empfänger für sicherheitsrelevante Anwendungen im Schienenverkehr

Towards an Asian Space Agency? The whence and whither of Asian interstate relations in the space sector in the 21st century

Despite the known benefits offered by intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) to governments, the inception of the intergovernmental Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization in 2006, as well as various academic proposals for the creation of other space-specific IGOs in Asia in the 21st century, recent years have still not seen a real engagement amongst Asian governments with dedicated space programmes towards establishing a broad regional space-specific IGO. Within this context, this study has decided to ask whether there is a reasonable potential amongst Asian governments to commence negotiations towards establishing an Asian Space Agency (ASA) – perceived within certain stipulations as a broad IGO-based regional space cooperation mechanism – based on the general political and legal status quo of their space programmes as of 2017. In particular, this study focusses on whether the governments with the most ambitious space programmes and domestic access to leading space technology (development) capabilities in Asia, identified as China, India, Iran, Japan, North Korea and South Korea, currently display such a potential. After all, they might be likely at the centre of an ASA. For that, this study develops and employs a methodological approach based on Moravcsik’s well established International Relations theory ‘Liberalism’ and a plausible determination of basic political and legal ASA characteristics. At the analytical core is a government-by-government assessment and subsequent specialised comparison of the state preferences (somewhat constituting national interests) underlying the current space programmes of the six selected governments, their major domestic and cooperative space-related measures promoted in the pursuit of these state preferences, as well as their respective basic political and legal framework concerning IGO-based regional space cooperation. In contrast to its confident hypothesis, this study concludes in the end that the present space-related state preference situation amongst the six selected governments is such that there is currently no reasonable potential amongst them to commence negotiations towards establishing an ASA. The most problematic factor for the establishment of an ASA is each government’s respective current second space-related autonomy-oriented state preference. Notably, to finish on a more positive and practical note, this study’s final sections further discuss generally the closest IGO-based regional space agency variant to a fully-fledged ASA about which the six selected governments might reasonably negotiate in the context of their current space-related state preferences. Also, the final sections put forward some general policy and regulatory recommendations that might help to broaden these governments’ (IGO-based) intergovernmental space cooperation in the future