11 research outputs found
Fourth Annual Earth Resources Program Review. Volume 4: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration programs and US Naval Research Laboratory programs
Conference of Earth Resources Program with emphasis on analysis of data obtained by aircraf
2015 Oil Observing Tools: A Workshop Report
Since 2010, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have provided satellite-based pollution surveillance in United States waters to regulatory agencies such as the United States Coast Guard (USCG). These technologies provide agencies with useful information regarding possible oil discharges. Unfortunately, there has been confusion as to how to interpret the images collected by these satellites and other aerial platforms, which can generate misunderstandings during spill events. Remote sensor packages on aircraft and satellites have advantages and disadvantages vis-à -vis human observers, because they do not “see” features or surface oil the same way. In order to improve observation capabilities during oil spills, applicable technologies must be identified, and then evaluated with respect to their advantages and disadvantages for the incident. In addition, differences between sensors (e.g., visual, IR, multispectral sensors, radar) and platform packages (e.g., manned/unmanned aircraft, satellites) must be understood so that reasonable approaches can be made if applicable and then any data must be correctly interpreted for decision support. NOAA convened an Oil Observing Tools Workshop to focus on the above actions and identify training gaps for oil spill observers and remote sensing interpretation to improve future oil surveillance, observation, and mapping during spills. The Coastal Response Research Center (CRRC) assisted NOAA’s Office of Response and Restoration (ORR) with this effort. The workshop was held on October 20-22, 2015 at NOAA’s Gulf of Mexico Disaster Response Center in Mobile, AL. The expected outcome of the workshop was an improved understanding, and greater use of technology to map and assess oil slicks during actual spill events. Specific workshop objectives included:
•Identify new developments in oil observing technologies useful for real-time (or near real-time) mapping of spilled oil during emergency events.
•Identify merits and limitations of current technologies and their usefulness to emergency response mapping of oil and reliable prediction of oil surface transport and trajectory forecasts.Current technologies include: the traditional human aerial observer, unmanned aircraft surveillance systems, aircraft with specialized senor packages, and satellite earth observing systems.
•Assess training needs for visual observation (human observers with cameras) and sensor technologies (including satellites) to build skills and enhance proper interpretation for decision support during actual events
OIL SPILL ALONG THE TURKISH STRAITS SEA AREA; ACCIDENTS, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS AND PROTECTION
The Turkish Straits Sea Area (TSSA) is a long water passage that is consisted of the Sea of Marmara, an inland sea within Turkey's borders, and two narrow straits connected to neighboring seas. With a strategic location between the Balkans and Anatolia, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, and dominated by the continental climate, the region hosted many civilizations throughout the centuries. This makes the region among the busiest routes in the world, with sea traffic three times higher than that in the Suez Canal. The
straits are the most difficult waterways to navigate and witnessed many hazardous and
important collisions and accidents throughout history. In addition, this area has vital roles as a biological corridor and barrier among three distinctive marine realms. Therefore, the region is rather sensitive to damages of national and international maritime activities, which may cause severe environmental problems.
This book addresses several key questions on a chapter basis, including historical accidents, background information on main dynamic restrictions, oil pollution, oil spill detection, and clean-up recoveries, its impacts on biological communities, socioeconomic aspects, and subjects with international agreements. This book will help readers, public, local and governmental authorities gain a deeper understanding of the status of the oil spill, mostly due to shipping accidents, and their related impacts along the TSSA, which needs precautionary measures to be protected.CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I - HISTORY OF ACCIDENTS AND REGULATIONS
Remarkable Accidents at the Istanbul Strait
Hasan Bora USLUER and Saim OĞUZÜLGEN …………………………………...... 3
History of Regulations before Republican Era along the Turkish Straits Sea Area
Ali Umut ÜNAL …………………………………………………………………….. 16
Transition Regime in the Turkish Straits during the Republican Era
Osman ARSLAN ……….……………………………………………………….……26
26
The Montreux Convention and Effects at Turkish Straits
Oktay ÇETİN ………………………………………………………………….…….. 33
Evaluation of the Montreux Convention in the Light of Recent Problems
Ayşenur TÜTÜNCÜ ………………………………………………………………… 44
A Historical View on Technical Developments on Ships and Effects
of Turkish Straits
Murat YAPICI ………………………………………………………………………. 55
CHAPTER II - GEOGRAPHY, BATHYMETRY AND
HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Geographic and Bathymetric Restrictions along the Turkish Straits Sea Area
Bedri ALPAR, Hasan Bora USLUER and Şenol AYDIN ……………………..…… 61
Hydrodynamics and Modeling of Turkish Straits
Serdar BEJİ and Tarkan ERDİK ………………………………………………….… 79
Wave Climate in the Turkish Sea of Marmara
Tarkan ERDİK and Serdar BEJİ …………………………………………………..… 91
CHAPTER III - OIL POLLUTION, DETECTION AND RECOVERY
Oil Pollution at Sea and Coast Following Major Accidents
Selma ÜNLÜ ……………………………………………………………………….101
Forensic Fingerprinting in Oil-spill Source Identification at the Turkish Straits
Sea Area
Özlem ATEŞ DURU ……………………………………………………………… 121
xi
Oil Spill Detection Using Remote Sensing Technologies-Synthetic
Aperture Radar (SAR)
İbrahim PAPİLA, Elif SERTEL, Şinasi KAYA and Cem GAZİOĞLU ……..……. 140
The Role of SAR Remote Sensing to Detect Oil Pollution and Emergency Intervention
Saygın ABDIKAN, Çağlar BAYIK and Füsun BALIK ŞANLI ……….….……….. 157
Oil Spill Recovery and Clean-Up Techniques
Emra KIZILAY, Mehtap AKBAŞ and Tahir Yavuz GEZBELİ …………………… 176
Turkish Strait Sea Area, Contingency Planning, Regulations and Case Studies
Emra KIZILAY, Mehtap AKBAŞ and Tahir Yavuz GEZBELİ …………………... 188
Dispersant Response Method to Incidental Oil Pollution
Dilek EDİGER, Leyla TOLUN and Fatma TELLİ KARAKOÇ ………………….... 205
CHAPTER IV - THE EFFECTS / IMPACTS OF OIL SPILL ON
BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES – INCLUDING SAMPLING
AND MONITORING
Marine Microorganisms and Oil Spill
Sibel ZEKİ and Pelin S. ÇİFTÇİ TÜRETKEN …………...………………………… 219
Estimated Effects of Oil Spill on the Phytoplankton Following “Volgoneft-248”
Accident (Sea of Marmara)
Seyfettin TAŞ ………………………………..…………………………………….... 229
Interactions between Zooplankton and Oil Spills: Lessons Learned from Global
Accidents and a Proposal for Zooplankton Monitoring
İ. Noyan YILMAZ and Melek İŞİNİBİLİR ……………………………………..….. 238
The Effects of Oil Spill on the Macrophytobenthic Communities
Ergün TAŞKIN and Barış AKÇALI …………………………….…………….……. 244
Potential Impacts of Oil Spills on Macrozoobenthos in the Turkish
Straits System
Güley KURT-ŞAHİN …………………………………………………………….… 253
The Anticipated Effects of Oil Spill on Fish Populations in Case of an Accident
along the Turkish Straits System – A review of Studies after Several Incidents
from the World
M. İdil ÖZ and Nazlı DEMİREL …………………………………………………….261
Estimated Impacts of an Oil Spill on Bird Populations along the Turkish
Straits System
Itri Levent ERKOL …………………………………………………………….…… 272
The Effect of Oil Spills on Cetaceans in the Turkish Straits System (TSS)
Ayaka Amaha ÖZTÜRK ………………………………………………………….. 277
Changes in the Ichthyoplankton and Benthos Assemblages following
Volgoneft-248 Oil Spill: Case Study
Ahsen YÜKSEK and Yaprak GÜRKAN …………………………………….……. 280
Assessing the Initial and Temporal Effects of a Heavy Fuel Oil Spill
on Benthic Fauna
Yaprak GÜRKAN, Ahsen YÜKSEK ………………………………………..…….. 287
CHAPTER V - SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Socio-economic Aspects of Oil Spill
Özlem ATEŞ DURU and Serap İNCAZ ……………………………………….…… 301
Effects of Oil Spill on Human Health
Türkan YURDUN ………………………………………………………………..…. 313
Crisis Management of Oil Spill, A Case Study: BP Gulf Mexico Oil Disaster
Serap İNCAZ and Özlem ATEŞ DURU …………………………….………….……324
CHAPTER VI - CONVENTIONS RELATING TO PREVENTION
OF OIL SPILL
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil
(OILPOL), 1954 and its Situation Related with Turkey
Emre AKYÜZ, Metin ÇELİK and Ömer SÖNER …………………………...……... 334
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as
Modified by the Protocol of 1978 Relating Thereto and by the Protocol of 1997
(MARPOL)
Özcan ARSLAN, Esma UFLAZ and Serap İNCAZ ………………………….……. 342
Applications of MARPOL Related with Oil Spill in Turkey
Emre AKYÜZ, Özcan ASLAN and Serap İNCAZ ………………………………… 356
Ship Born Oil Pollution at the Turkish Straits Sea Area and MARPOL 73/78
Duygu ÜLKER and Sencer BALTAOĞLU………………………….…………….. 363
International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases
of Oil Pollution Casualties (INTERVENTION 1969) and its Applications
Related with Oil Spill in Turkey
Şebnem ERKEBAY ……………………………….……………………………….. 371
International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and
Co-operation (OPRC) 1990 and its Applications Related with Oil Spill in Turkey
Kadir ÇİÇEK ………………………………………………………………………. 381
Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to Pollution
Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000 (OPRC-HNS Protocol)
and its Effects in Turkey
Aydın ŞIHMANTEPE and Cihat AŞAN ……………….…………………………. 392
The International Convention on Salvage (SALVAGE) 1989 Related with
Oil Spill in Turkey
İrşad BAYIRHAN ……………………………………….………………..……….. 408
CHAPTER VII - CONVENTIONS COVERING LIABILITY AND
COMPENSATION RELATED WITH OIL SPILL
International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage
(CLC), 1969 and its Applications
Serap İNCAZ and Pınar ÖZDEMİR ……………………………………..………… 416
1992 Protocol to the International Convention on the Establishment of
an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage
(FUND 1992) and its Applications Related with Oil Spill in Turkey
Ali Umut ÜNAL and Hasan Bora USLUER …………………………….………… 424
International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage
in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances
by Sea (HNS), 1996 (and its 2010 Protocol) and its Applications Related
with Oil Spill in Turkey
Bilun ELMACIOĞLU ……………………………………………………………… 437
Bunkering Incidents and Safety Practices in Turkey
Fırat BOLAT, Pelin BOLAT and Serap İNCAZ …………………………………... 447
"Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks 2007" and
its Effects on Turkey
Şafak Ümit DENİZ and Serap İNCAZ ……………………….……………………. 457
Seasat: - JASIN workshop report. Volume 1: Findings and conclusions
Data acquired from the Joint Air-Sea Interaction (JASIN) Experiment and Seasat data from overpasses that covered the JASIN area were compared and evaluated. The JASIN data were used as a high quality withheld data set. The Seasat data were prepared for each instrument: the Seasat-A Satellite Scatterometer (SASS), the Scanning Multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR), and the synthetic aperture radar (SAR). The following results demonstrate the performance of Seasat: it was possible to identify mesoscale systems with the SASS as well as fronts; the SMMR provided accurate water vapor content of the atmosphere; the SAR showed evidence of helical rolls in the marine boundary layer; a SASS anomaly could be traced back to thunderstorm activity
Skylab EREP Investigations Summary
The problems in the areas of agriculture, range and forestry; land use and cartography; geology and hydrology; oceans atmosphere, and data analysis techniques were investigated and summarized using Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP) data
Remote Sensing of Earth Resources: A literature survey with indexes (1970 - 1973 supplement). Section 1: Abstracts
Abstracts of reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system between March 1970 and December 1973 are presented in the following areas: agriculture and forestry, environmental changes and cultural resources, geodesy and cartography, geology and mineral resources, oceanography and marine resources, hydrology and water management, data processing and distribution systems, instrumentation and sensors, and economic analysis
Earth Resources: A continuing bibliography with indexes, issue 7
This bibliography lists 492 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system between July 1975 and September 1975. Emphasis is placed on the use of remote sensing and geophysical instrumentation in spacecraft and aircraft to survey and inventory natural resources and urban areas. Subject matter is grouped according to agriculture and forestry, environmental changes and cultural resources, geodesy and cartography, geology and mineral resources, hydrology and water management, data processing and distribution systems, instrumentation and sensors, and economic analysis
An alternative approach to determine critical angle of contrast reversal and surface roughness of oil slicks under sunglint
The critical angle is the angle at which the contrast of oil slicks reverse their contrasts against the surrounding oil-free seawater under sunglint. Accurate determination of the critical angle can help estimate surface roughness and refractive index of the oil slicks. Although it’s difficult to determine a certain critical angle, the potential critical angle range help to improve the estimation accuracy. In this study, the angle between the viewing direction and the direction of mirror reflection is used as an indicator for quantifying the critical angle and could be calculated from the solar/viewing geometry from observations of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The natural seep oil slicks in the Gulf of Mexico were first delineated using a customized segmentation approach to remove noise and apply a morphological filter. On the basis of the histograms of the brightness values of the delineated oil slicks, the potential range of the critical angle was determined, and then an optimal critical angle between oil slicks and seawater was then determined from statistical and regression analyses in this range. This critical angle corresponds to the best fitting between the modeled and observed surface roughness of seep oil slicks and seawater
Earth Resources: A continuing bibliography with indexes, issue 11, October 1976
This bibliography lists 714 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system between July 1976 and September 1976. Emphasis is placed on the use of remote sensing and geophysical instrumentation in spacecraft and aircraft to survey and inventory natural resources and urban areas. Subject matter is grouped according to agriculture and forestry, environmental changes and cultural resources, geodesy and cartography, geology and mineral resources, hydrology and water management, data processing and distribution systems, instrumentation and sensors, and economic analysis
Space for mankind's benefit
Proceedings of conference on benefits of space exploration conducted at Huntsville, Alabama Nov. 197