Gas and grain : the conservation of networked industrial landscapes

This thesis examines the networked industrial landscapes of Cape Town's nineteenth century gas supply industry, and South Africa's twentieth century grain elevator system. The thesis takes the view that, although created in very differing circumstances, both networks were explicitly constructed with the purpose of social and economic development, albeit for narrowly defined constituencies. In both cases, important component sites of these networks came to the end of their working lives during the course of this research. The Woodstock gas works has since been demolished, and the Cape Town grain elevator stands derelict. The principle question of this thesis asks whether the networks of which these sites formed an integral part, can be conserved with the purpose of future social and economic development within the broad framework of Agenda 21. Working within a methodological framework informed by the Kerr's Conservation Plan work, research was conducted which would provide a thorough understanding of the networks, allowing for an assessment of cultural significance, an awareness of issues that might affect that significance, and the formulation of policies for retention. Extensive desk-based study, archival research, and fieldwork was carried out at the Woodstock gas works, the Cape Town grain elevator, and the surviving country grain elevators that comprise the respective networks. Both the key sites were recorded during their final days of operation, with a detailed site inventory being created for the Cape Town grain elevator, together with an inventory of sites for the country elevators. It was found that the attitude to industrial heritage is changing rapidly, but that it is heavily influenced by aesthetic and economic considerations. The Woodstock gas works was demolished, and the site cleared, with very little active consideration being given to its conservation. By way of contrast, the Cape Town grain elevator, now derelict, has been the subject of a draft Conservation Plan, albeit one prepared without public participation. The process has stalled as the developer attempts to reconcile aesthetic and economic drivers with a publicly held commitment to the conservation, and marketing, of 'heritage'. The thesis concludes by proposing a new approach to dealing with networked industrial landscapes. It suggests that the surviving country elevators can not only be put to good use for the purpose of sustainable development in terms of Agenda 21, but that the network which historically links them to the Cape Town elevator could itself be re-established in the cause of social transformation

Gas and grain : the conservation of networked industrial landscapes

This thesis examines the networked industrial landscapes of Cape Town's nineteenth century gas supply industry, and South Africa's twentieth century grain elevator system. The thesis takes the view that, although created in very differing circumstances, both networks were explicitly constructed with the purpose of social and economic development, albeit for narrowly defined constituencies. In both cases, important component sites of these networks came to the end of their working lives during the course of this research. The Woodstock gas works has since been demolished, and the Cape Town grain elevator stands derelict. The principle question of this thesis asks whether the networks of which these sites formed an integral part, can be conserved with the purpose of future social and economic development within the broad framework of Agenda 21. Working within a methodological framework informed by the Kerr's Conservation Plan work, research was conducted which would provide a thorough understanding of the networks, allowing for an assessment of cultural significance, an awareness of issues that might affect that significance, and the formulation of policies for retention. Extensive desk-based study, archival research, and fieldwork was carried out at the Woodstock gas works, the Cape Town grain elevator, and the surviving country grain elevators that comprise the respective networks. Both the key sites were recorded during their final days of operation, with a detailed site inventory being created for the Cape Town grain elevator, together with an inventory of sites for the country elevators. It was found that the attitude to industrial heritage is changing rapidly, but that it is heavily influenced by aesthetic and economic considerations. The Woodstock gas works was demolished, and the site cleared, with very little active consideration being given to its conservation. By way of contrast, the Cape Town grain elevator, now derelict, has been the subject of a draft Conservation Plan, albeit one prepared without public participation. The process has stalled as the developer attempts to reconcile aesthetic and economic drivers with a publicly held commitment to the conservation, and marketing, of 'heritage'. The thesis concludes by proposing a new approach to dealing with networked industrial landscapes. It suggests that the surviving country elevators can not only be put to good use for the purpose of sustainable development in terms of Agenda 21, but that the network which historically links them to the Cape Town elevator could itself be re-established in the cause of social transformation

Professional competencies needed by Malaysian agricultural extension supervisors

The primary purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the professional education competencies perceived to be important to the performance of Malaysian agricultural extension supervisors. A secondary purpose was to determine the importance of the inclusion of the competencies in the preservice and/or inservice education programs that prepares persons for agricultural extension supervisor positions;Data for this study was provided by 200 agricultural extension administrators and agricultural extension supervisors of five main agricultural development agencies in West Malaysia, namely the Department of Agriculture, the Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority, the Federal Land Development Authority, the Farmers\u27 Organization Authority, and the Muda Agricultural Development Authority;Based on the literature review and the assistance of a panel of four jury members of extension experts in Malaysia, a total of 87 competencies were developed and grouped into eight professional extension education categories to form a two-part questionnaire along with selected personal characteristics. A 1 to 99-point scale, with one indicating not important, 50 indicating somewhat important, and 99 indicating very important, was used to obtain the respondents\u27 perception of the importance of each competency to the extension supervisors\u27 performance and for the programs inclusion. The raw data from the respondents were transformed to normal deviates scale of 267 through 733;In general, the findings were: (1) When the respondents were grouped by their employing agencies, they perceived all the 87 competencies associated with the eight categories to be of similar importance to the performance of agricultural extension supervisors, except for 19 competencies where significant differences in means were observed among groups; (2) When the respondents were grouped as extension administrators and extension supervisors, they perceived all the competencies related with the eight categories to be of similar importance to the performance of agricultural extension supervisors except for four competencies where group means differed significantly; (3) The respondents from the five agencies perceived the competencies associated with the eight categories to be of similar importance for inclusion in the preservice and/or inservice education programs that prepares people for agricultural extension supervisor positions, except for 14 competencies where means differed significantly among agencies; (4) The extension administrators and the extension supervisors perceived all the competencies to be of similar importance for the inclusion in the preservice and/or inservice education programs, except for nine competencies which had group means that differed significantly; (5) There were strong and positive relationships among the perceptions of the importance to the supervisors\u27 performance and the perceptions of the importance for the programs inclusion for all the competency categories

Appendix to the Report of the National Bipartisan Commission on Central America

In reaching the conclusions reflected in its report, the National Bipartisan Commission on Central America had the benefit of numerous papers prepared by consultants, expert witnesses and its own staff. The Commission decided that publication of some of this material in the fo.rm of an appendix would provide useful background to the report. Due to space limitations it was not possible to publish more than a fraction of the documents the Commission made use of in more than five months of intensive deliberations. The selection offered here is by necessity arbitrary; inclusion or exclusion of a particular paper should not be taken as indicating any measure of relative significance. The Commission\u27s records are being delivered to the National Archives (except for administrative material that will be held by the Department of State) and will be available to the public, as provided by law. 836 pp

Aid-Foreign Direct Investment Linkages: A Case Study of Aid and Foreign Direct Investment in Uganda.

Whilst many hold to the orthodox view that aid can promote the take-off to long-term self-sustaining growth and development in recipient countries as Rosenstein-Rodan (1961), Chenery and Strout (1966) and others have hypothesised, it is far from being realised in SSA economies. This has provoked concern for the effectiveness of donor policy and the appropriateness of recipient macroeconomic orientation. In the main the argument revolves around the aid effectiveness debate. This can be decomposed into its constituent elements: allocative efficiency and effective utilisation. The facts are poor countries and those in SSA in particular have received large inflows of foreign aid. In fact, According to Easterly (2007), Western donors have provided some $2.3 trillion dollars of development assistance over the period from independence in the 1950s/60s to the present; yet with a few exceptions, they are generally poorer in per capita GDP terms in the 2000s than they were in the 1970s. However, reforms SSA economies since the early 1990s have transformed the political and economic landscape of the continent and this reflected in the re-engagement of the international business and development communities. However, the flow of FDI to these countries is still low in absolute terms (1.QA6 per cent of world FDI inflows with 26 middle-income counties accounting for 95 percent inflows)and the remaining 5 percent distributed across 140 LDCs. This low level of private inflows to poor developing countries is well below that required to generate widely agreed the annual average growth in GDP of 6 per cent for a considerable period of time (UNCTAD, 2000) to tackle their high level of poverty and under-development. The size of this challenge is highlighted by the decline in economic growth and trade of the region's economies over the last three decades. For instance, only 2 of 39 SSA economies (UNCTAD, 2000) were better off in the 1990s on growth and trade than they were in the 1970s. Again, according to UNCTAD (2000) the 1980s was associated with a decline in annual average growth to 2.2 per cent from 3.5 per cent in the 1970s. The trade deficit for the region exceeded 4 percent in the 1980s compared to less than 1 per cent in the 1970s. According to the UN Office of the High Representative for the LDCs and Landlocked DCs and Small Island Developing States, LDCs' exports accounted for only 0.6 per cent of world merchandise trade in 2004. The international development community has sought new ways and means to improve both the effectiveness and volume of inflows to these countries. Both justification for and the means of achieving these are articulated in the "Paris Agenda" on Aid effectiveness and the earlier Pearson Commission (1969) which established a need for developed countries to donate resources equivalent to 0.7 of their Gross National Income (GNI) to poor developing countries. The Zedillo Report of theHigh Level Panel on Financing for Development estimated the sum of public funding to these countries to achieve the required rate of growth to achieve the 6 growth rate of GDP and reduce aid dependency and poverty at$50 billion (2001). The Gleneagles G-8 agreed to provide this sum at its 2005 ministerial meeting in Scotland by 2011. However, there is serious doubt that this target will be achieved and current financial and budgetary crisis in donor countries adds to this concern. This thesis is therefore focused on the empirical evaluation of the AID-FDI relationship. As little of the FDI associated with the international activities of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) go to LDCs, the linking of Aid to FDI may address concerns for higher inflows of FDI where aid creates the infrastructure required by MNEs. The Aid-FDI convergence may also address general concerns for Aid effectiveness through 1) enhanced effective utilisations and 2) improves allocation. The Aid-FDI may also be an appropriate solution to poor infrastructure endowment in LDCs in its catalysis of higher level of private sector participation in the infrastructure sector. This provides an opportunity to demonstrate the Aid-FDI interaction i.e. its co-financing of private and public investments in LDCs such as Uganda. With an anticipated relationship between aid and FDI, the primary data for this research was gathered through interviewing a selected sample of Uganda's principal development partners (taken from the OECD DAC list of major donors). This was complemented by questionnaire survey of foreign investors i.e. UK firms operating subsidiaries in Uganda, and the Uganda Investment Authority for their view and experience with the aid-FDI interface. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.)

Energy, a continuing bibliography with indexes. Issue 33

This bibliography lists 1211 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system from January 1, 1981 through March 31, 1981

Temperature Reduction Technologies Meet Asphalt Pavement: Green and Sustainability

This Special Issue, "Temperature Reduction Technologies Meet Asphalt Pavement: Green and Sustainability", covers various subjects related to advanced temperature reduction technologies in bituminous materials. It can help civil engineers and material scientists better identify underlying views for sustainable pavement constructions