Enteropathogen antibody dynamics and force of infection among children in low-resource settings.

Little is known about enteropathogen seroepidemiology among children in low-resource settings. We measured serological IgG responses to eight enteropathogens (Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Entamoeba histolytica, Salmonella enterica, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter jejuni, norovirus) in cohorts from Haiti, Kenya, and Tanzania. We studied antibody dynamics and force of infection across pathogens and cohorts. Enteropathogens shared common seroepidemiologic features that enabled between-pathogen comparisons of transmission. Overall, exposure was intense: for most pathogens the window of primary infection was <3 years old; for highest transmission pathogens primary infection occurred within the first year. Longitudinal profiles demonstrated significant IgG boosting and waning above seropositivity cutoffs, underscoring the value of longitudinal designs to estimate force of infection. Seroprevalence and force of infection were rank-preserving across pathogens, illustrating the measures provide similar information about transmission heterogeneity. Our findings suggest antibody response can be used to measure population-level transmission of diverse enteropathogens in serologic surveillance

Sociocultural concepts of pandemic influenza and determinants of community vaccine acceptance in Pune, India

Vaccines are considered one of public health’s greatest achievements. Yet, public concerns and hesitancy towards acceptance of vaccines has been noted around the world for various vaccines. Limited vaccine uptake against influenza A (H1N1) was a problem during the 2009-2010 pandemic. Ensuring the ability to rapidly produce large quantities of an efficacious vaccine has been a focus of pandemic preparedness at the global and national levels. Notwithstanding the importance of these preparedness measures, its availability and clinical efficacy alone may not be sufficient for the vaccine to be effective at a community level. Culture has a powerful influence on the understanding of sickness and illness-related behaviour. The framework of cultural epidemiology used in this thesis integrates the local validity of anthropology and the explanatory power of epidemiology to clarify the cultural basis of vaccine hesitancy and acceptance. Despite cross-cultural differences and an acknowledged need for country-specific studies, relatively little research has focussed on pandemic influenza vaccine hesitancy in lower income settings. A mixed-methods research study was conducted in urban and rural Pune, a hotspot of the influenza pandemic in India. The aim was to study local sociocultural features of illness and determinants of pandemic influenza vaccine acceptance from a community perspective. This work is a contribution to global advances in the study of vaccine hesitancy and it underscores the value of sociocultural study and community preferences in planning effective vaccine action

Extinction of cholera using deterministic and stochastic models incorporating vigilant human compartment

We study the effect of vaccination, sanitation and public health sensitization as prevention and control measures of cholera in deterministic and stochastic frameworks. To achieve this, a deterministic mathematical model incorporating the class of vigilant individuals is proposed and analyzed. The results from the stability analysis show that the disease-free equilibrium solution is globally asymptotically stable if R0 < 1. The model is then extended to incorporate random effect using the method of transition probabilities. Numerically, we approximate the expected extinction time of the disease if certain conditions are satisfied. As Vibrio cholerae multiplies at a fast rate in the environment, it is recommended that regular disinfection of the affected areas as well as public health sensitization be done.Publisher's Versio

Mitigating Epidemics through Mobile Micro-measures

Epidemics of infectious diseases are among the largest threats to the quality of life and the economic and social well-being of developing countries. The arsenal of measures against such epidemics is well-established, but costly and insufficient to mitigate their impact. In this paper, we argue that mobile technology adds a powerful weapon to this arsenal, because (a) mobile devices endow us with the unprecedented ability to measure and model the detailed behavioral patterns of the affected population, and (b) they enable the delivery of personalized behavioral recommendations to individuals in real time. We combine these two ideas and propose several strategies to generate such recommendations from mobility patterns. The goal of each strategy is a large reduction in infections, with a small impact on the normal course of daily life. We evaluate these strategies over the Orange D4D dataset and show the benefit of mobile micro-measures, even if only a fraction of the population participates. These preliminary results demonstrate the potential of mobile technology to complement other measures like vaccination and quarantines against disease epidemics.Comment: Presented at NetMob 2013, Bosto

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE SPREAD OF CHOLERA WITH VACCINATION STRATEGIES

This research discusses the math model of spreading cholera disease with a mathematical strategy of math model constructed by considering a vaccination strategy. In addition, there is a population of hyperinfectious and lessinfectious bacteria so that the model of SVIR-BhiBli type, by. The model formed in the form of determination of fixed point, determination of basic reproductions numbers, analyzing the equilibrium point and sensitivity analysis. The equilibrium analysis produces two equilibrium points of a immediate-free equilibrium point of aceletotic local if &nbsp;and endemic equilibrium points will be stable local asymptotics if . Furthermore, numerical simulation that the increase in vaccination rate influences on the decline in &nbsp;value while increased rate of vaccine depreciation can increase the value of . In addition, sensitivity analysis shows that if the parameter &nbsp;is enhanced while other contrast parameters will contribute to the increase in &nbsp;value, as a result can increase the rate of transmission of cholera disease. Whereas if the parameter &nbsp;is enhanced while other contrast parameters will contribute to the decrease in &nbsp;value, as a result of the dissemination of the disease can be pressed very significantly

Integrated Serologic Surveillance of Population Immunity and Disease Transmission.

Antibodies are unique among biomarkers in their ability to identify persons with protective immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases and to measure past exposure to diverse pathogens. Most infectious disease surveillance maintains a single-disease focus, but broader testing of existing serologic surveys with multiplex antibody assays would create new opportunities for integrated surveillance. In this perspective, we highlight multiple areas for potential synergy where integrated surveillance could add more value to public health efforts than the current trend of independent disease monitoring through vertical programs. We describe innovations in laboratory and data science that should accelerate integration and identify remaining challenges with respect to specimen collection, testing, and analysis. Throughout, we illustrate how information generated through integrated surveillance platforms can create new opportunities to more quickly and precisely identify global health program gaps that range from undervaccination to emerging pathogens to multilayered health disparities that span diverse communicable diseases

Single-dose cholera vaccine in response to an outbreak in Zambia

Producción CientíficaKilled oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) are part of the standard response package to a cholera outbreak, although the two-dose regimen of vaccines that has been prequalified by the World Health Organization (WHO) poses challenges to timely and efficient reactive vaccination campaigns.1 Recent data suggest that the first dose alone provides short-term protection, similar to that of two doses, which may largely dictate the effect of OCVs during epidemic

Seroprevalence and Risk Factor Analysis of Hog Cholera Disease at Small Farm in Deli Serdang Regency

Hog cholera is an epizootic viral diseases that attack pig. The disease is caused by Pestivirus C which belongs to the genus Pestivirus and the family Flaviviridae. Information about the prevalence and risk factors of hog cholera incidence in North Sumatra and especially in the Deli Serdang Regency became the basis for this research. This study aims to find out the prevalence and factors associated with seropositive hog cholera in Deli Serdang Regency. Samples were taken using a random sample technique with a simple random type. A total of 196 blood samples were collected from 8 sub-districts, 11 villages, and 54 farms in the Deli Serdang district. Animal and breeder data were collected with questionnaires to determine the incidence and causative factors of hog cholera seropositive. Data analysed using univariable and multivariable logistical regression tests to determine the association between hog cholera infection and risk factors. The results showed that the prevalence of Hog Cholera seroposive events at the agricultural level was 9% (5/54) and the individual rate was 10% (20/196). The results showed that the prevalence of Hog Cholera seroposive events at the agricultural level was 9% (5/54) and the individual rate was 10% (20/196). The conclusion of this research that the risk factors associated with pig cholera were landrace pigs (OR 14,28, 95% CI: 1.04-195) were more likely to have seropositif than other breeds and vaccination (OR 0.0048, 95% CI: 0.004-0.498) potential factors reducing hog cholera infection