17,252 research outputs found
Knowledge will Propel Machine Understanding of Content: Extrapolating from Current Examples
Machine Learning has been a big success story during the AI resurgence. One
particular stand out success relates to learning from a massive amount of data.
In spite of early assertions of the unreasonable effectiveness of data, there
is increasing recognition for utilizing knowledge whenever it is available or
can be created purposefully. In this paper, we discuss the indispensable role
of knowledge for deeper understanding of content where (i) large amounts of
training data are unavailable, (ii) the objects to be recognized are complex,
(e.g., implicit entities and highly subjective content), and (iii) applications
need to use complementary or related data in multiple modalities/media. What
brings us to the cusp of rapid progress is our ability to (a) create relevant
and reliable knowledge and (b) carefully exploit knowledge to enhance ML/NLP
techniques. Using diverse examples, we seek to foretell unprecedented progress
in our ability for deeper understanding and exploitation of multimodal data and
continued incorporation of knowledge in learning techniques.Comment: Pre-print of the paper accepted at 2017 IEEE/WIC/ACM International
Conference on Web Intelligence (WI). arXiv admin note: substantial text
overlap with arXiv:1610.0770
Applications of the ACGT Master Ontology on Cancer
In this paper we present applications of the ACGT Master Ontology (MO) which is a new terminology resource for a transnational network providing data exchange in oncology, emphasizing the integration of both clinical and molecular data. The development of a new ontology was necessary due to problems with existing biomedical ontologies in oncology. The ACGT MO is a test case for the application of best practices in ontology development. This paper provides an overview of the application of the ontology within the ACGT project thus far
An automated identification and analysis of ontological terms in gastrointestinal diseases and nutrition-related literature provides useful insights
With an unprecedented growth in the biomedical literature, keeping up to date with
the new developments presents an immense challenge. Publications are often studied
in isolation of the established literature, with interpretation being subjective and
often introducing human bias. With ontology-driven annotation of biomedical data
gaining popularity in recent years and online databases offering metatags with rich
textual information, it is now possible to automatically text-mine ontological terms
and complement the laborious task of manual management, interpretation, and
analysis of the accumulated literature with downstream statistical analysis. In this
paper, we have formulated an automated workflow through which we have identified
ontological information, including nutrition-related terms in PubMed abstracts
(from 1991 to 2016) for two main types of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Crohnâs
Disease and Ulcerative Colitis; and two other gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, namely,
Coeliac Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Our analysis reveals unique clustering
patterns as well as spatial and temporal trends inherent to the considered GI diseases
in terms of literature that has been accumulated so far. Although automated
interpretation cannot replace human judgement, the developed workflow shows
promising results and can be a useful tool in systematic literature reviews. The
workflow is available at https://github.com/KociOrges/pytag
Clinical guidelines as plans: An ontological theory
Clinical guidelines are special types of plans realized by collective agents. We provide an ontological theory of such plans that is designed to support the construction of a framework in which guideline-based information systems can be employed in the management of workflow in health care organizations.
The framework we propose allows us to represent in formal terms how clinical guidelines are realized through the actions of are realized through the actions of individuals organized into teams. We provide various levels of implementation representing different levels of conformity on the part of health care organizations.
Implementations built in conformity with our framework are marked by two dimensions of flexibility that are designed to make them more likely to be accepted by health care professionals than standard guideline-based management systems. They do justice to the fact 1) that responsibilities within a health care organization are widely shared, and 2) that health care professionals may on different occasions be non-compliant with guidelines for a variety of well justified reasons.
The advantage of the framework lies in its built-in flexibility, its sensitivity to clinical context, and its ability to use inference tools based on a robust ontology. One disadvantage lies in its complicated implementation
Conceptual graph-based knowledge representation for supporting reasoning in African traditional medicine
Although African patients use both conventional or modern and traditional healthcare simultaneously, it has been proven that 80% of people rely on African traditional medicine (ATM). ATM includes medical activities stemming from practices, customs and traditions which were integral to the distinctive African cultures. It is based mainly on the oral transfer of knowledge, with the risk of losing critical knowledge. Moreover, practices differ according to the regions and the availability of medicinal plants. Therefore, it is necessary to compile tacit, disseminated and complex knowledge from various Tradi-Practitioners (TP) in order to determine interesting patterns for treating a given disease. Knowledge engineering methods for traditional medicine are useful to model suitably complex information needs, formalize knowledge of domain experts and highlight the effective practices for their integration to conventional medicine. The work described in this paper presents an approach which addresses two issues. First it aims at proposing a formal representation model of ATM knowledge and practices to facilitate their sharing and reusing. Then, it aims at providing a visual reasoning mechanism for selecting best available procedures and medicinal plants to treat diseases. The approach is based on the use of the Delphi method for capturing knowledge from various experts which necessitate reaching a consensus. Conceptual graph formalism is used to model ATM knowledge with visual reasoning capabilities and processes. The nested conceptual graphs are used to visually express the semantic meaning of Computational Tree Logic (CTL) constructs that are useful for formal specification of temporal properties of ATM domain knowledge. Our approach presents the advantage of mitigating knowledge loss with conceptual development assistance to improve the quality of ATM care (medical diagnosis and therapeutics), but also patient safety (drug monitoring)
Genomic stuff: Governing the (im)matter of life
Emphasizing the context of what has often been referred to as âscarce natural resourcesâ, in particular forests, meadows, and fishing stocks, Elinor Ostromâs important work Governing the commons (1990) presents an institutional framework for discussing the development and use of collective action with respect to environmental problems. In this article we discuss extensions of Ostromâs approach to genes and genomes and explore its limits and usefulness. With the new genetics, we suggest, the biological gaze has not only been turned inward to the management and mining of the human body, also the very notion of the âbiologicalâ has been destabilized. This shift and destabilization, we argue, which is the result of human refashioning and appropriation of âlife itselfâ, raises important questions about the relevance and applicability of Ostromâs institutional framework in the context of what we call âgenomic stuffâ, genomic material, data, and information
The accordian and the deep bowl of spaghetti: Eight researchers' experiences of using IPA as a methodology
Since 1996 Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) has grown rapidly and been applied in areas outside its initial âhomeâ of health psychology. However, explorations of its application from a researcher's perspective are scarce. This paper provides reflections on the experiences of eight individual researchers using IPA in diverse disciplinary fields and cultures. The research studies were conducted in the USA, Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and the UK by researchers with backgrounds in business management, consumer behaviour, mental health nursing, nurse education, applied linguistics, clinical psychology, health and education. They variously explored media awareness, employee commitment, disengagement from mental health services, in-vitro fertilisation treatment, student nurses' experience of child protection, second language acquisition in a university context, the male experience of spinal cord injury and academics experience of working in higher education and womenâs experiences of body size and health practices. By bringing together intercultural, interdisciplinary experiences of using IPA, the paper discusses perceived strengths and weaknesses of IPA
Horizontal Integration of Warfighter Intelligence Data: A Shared Semantic Resource for the Intelligence Community
We describe a strategy that is being used for the horizontal integration of warfighter intelligence data within the framework of the US Armyâs Distributed Common Ground System Standard Cloud (DSC) initiative. The strategy rests on the development of a set of ontologies that are being incrementally applied to bring about what we call the âsemantic enhancementâ of data models used within each intelligence discipline. We show how the strategy can help to overcome familiar tendencies to stovepiping of intelligence data, and describe how it can be applied in an agile fashion to new data resources in ways that address immediate needs of intelligence analysts
The Requirements for Ontologies in Medical Data Integration: A Case Study
Evidence-based medicine is critically dependent on three sources of
information: a medical knowledge base, the patients medical record and
knowledge of available resources, including where appropriate, clinical
protocols. Patient data is often scattered in a variety of databases and may,
in a distributed model, be held across several disparate repositories.
Consequently addressing the needs of an evidence-based medicine community
presents issues of biomedical data integration, clinical interpretation and
knowledge management. This paper outlines how the Health-e-Child project has
approached the challenge of requirements specification for (bio-) medical data
integration, from the level of cellular data, through disease to that of
patient and population. The approach is illuminated through the requirements
elicitation and analysis of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), one of three
diseases being studied in the EC-funded Health-e-Child project.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure. Presented at the 11th International Database
Engineering & Applications Symposium (Ideas2007). Banff, Canada September
200
Rise and fall of Achille de Giovanni\u2019s clinical anthropometry
Achille de Giovanni (1838-1916), Italian clinician and pathologist, developed a constitutional method for clinical investigations based on the morphology of the human body. He was the first to use anthropometry with living patients with the aim of evaluating the relationship between form and function, between organic structures, physiology and pathology, for understanding \u201cindividuality\u201d in a scientific way. His clinical anthropometry gained some popularity during his life, but was completely forgotten few decades after his death. By consequence, he can be considered a loser from the point of view of the long-term impact of his theories and practices, but at the same time, some of his ideas could be still valid today
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