Kvasir-Capsule, a video capsule endoscopy dataset

Artificial intelligence (AI) is predicted to have profound effects on the future of video capsule endoscopy (VCE) technology. The potential lies in improving anomaly detection while reducing manual labour. Existing work demonstrates the promising benefits of AI-based computer-assisted diagnosis systems for VCE. They also show great potential for improvements to achieve even better results. Also, medical data is often sparse and unavailable to the research community, and qualified medical personnel rarely have time for the tedious labelling work. We present Kvasir-Capsule, a large VCE dataset collected from examinations at a Norwegian Hospital. Kvasir-Capsule consists of 117 videos which can be used to extract a total of 4,741,504 image frames. We have labelled and medically verified 47,238 frames with a bounding box around findings from 14 different classes. In addition to these labelled images, there are 4,694,266 unlabelled frames included in the dataset. The Kvasir-Capsule dataset can play a valuable role in developing better algorithms in order to reach true potential of VCE technology

KID Project:an internet-based digital video atlas of capsule endoscopy for research purposes

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Capsule endoscopy (CE) has revolutionized small-bowel (SB) investigation. Computational methods can enhance diagnostic yield (DY); however, incorporating machine learning algorithms (MLAs) into CE reading is difficult as large amounts of image annotations are required for training. Current databases lack graphic annotations of pathologies and cannot be used. A novel database, KID, aims to provide a reference for research and development of medical decision support systems (MDSS) for CE. METHODS: Open-source software was used for the KID database. Clinicians contribute anonymized, annotated CE images and videos. Graphic annotations are supported by an open-access annotation tool (Ratsnake). We detail an experiment based on the KID database, examining differences in SB lesion measurement between human readers and a MLA. The Jaccard Index (JI) was used to evaluate similarity between annotations by the MLA and human readers. RESULTS: The MLA performed best in measuring lymphangiectasias with a JI of 81\u200a\ub1\u200a6\u200a%. The other lesion types were: angioectasias (JI 64\u200a\ub1\u200a11\u200a%), aphthae (JI 64\u200a\ub1\u200a8\u200a%), chylous cysts (JI 70\u200a\ub1\u200a14\u200a%), polypoid lesions (JI 75\u200a\ub1\u200a21\u200a%), and ulcers (JI 56\u200a\ub1\u200a9\u200a%). CONCLUSION: MLA can perform as well as human readers in the measurement of SB angioectasias in white light (WL). Automated lesion measurement is therefore feasible. KID is currently the only open-source CE database developed specifically to aid development of MDSS. Our experiment demonstrates this potential

Utilization of Augmented Reality for Human Organ Analysis

This research paper investigates the utilization of augmented reality (AR) technology for human organ analysis in medical education. The study aims to develop and evaluate an AR application that provides an immersive and interactive learning experience for medical students. The research follows a quantitative methodology, to develop and test the effectiveness of the AR application in improving learning outcomes. The research examines the impact of the AR application on student engagement, retention of information, and performance on assessments. The results show that the AR application has a significant positive impact on learning outcomes. The use of AR technology improves student engagement, retention of information, and performance on assessments. The application's design and functionality were found to be intuitive and user-friendly, making it accessible for both students and educators. The research highlights the potential of AR technology in medical education and provides insights into its effectiveness in improving learning outcomes. The findings suggest that AR technology can be a valuable tool in medical education, enhancing the way students learn about human anatomy. This research can contribute to the existing literature on the use of AR technology in education, paving the way for future research and innovation in the field. Ultimately, the study shows that the integration of AR technology in medical education can significantly enhance the learning experience for students, providing them with an immersive and interactive approach to learning about human anatomy

Roving scopes, flickering screens, and abnormal gastric bodies : digesting the endoscopic gaze

The inner body is simultaneously familiar and foreign to most people--we experience its continuous workings every day, though are not always conscious of them. Medical technologies such as the endoscope have allowed physicians to extend their eye into this territory of the closed inner body, alive and in motion. More recent technological advances have been made in the production of high-quality digital images via a camera-like device integrated into the endoscope. This evolution in the technology moves it beyond medical exploration and technique and into being a technology of mediated representation, where images of the inner body represent not only a medical perspective, but the more complex world of the body as a system within broader, diverse cultural contexts. "The body," and medically accepted representation of a common, homogenous physiology, becomes many bodies that present in many different ways. The digestive or gastroenterological system in particular is as an example of universality and bodily centrality while at the same time has qualities specific to each individual. It is a tangible way of bringing the world into our bodies and our bodies into the world. Much like the study of how information relates to knowledge and power, we can gather surface information (images), collate that with other known data, and come to conclusions. These images and their contexts connect to a continuum of knowledge and information about not only human biology and medical science, but to how specialized discourses are communicated within wider discourses, specifically within popular culture

New Techniques in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

As result of progress, endoscopy has became more complex, using more sophisticated devices and has claimed a special form. In this moment, the gastroenterologist performing endoscopy has to be an expert in macroscopic view of the lesions in the gut, with good skills for using standard endoscopes, with good experience in ultrasound (for performing endoscopic ultrasound), with pathology experience for confocal examination. It is compulsory to get experience and to have patience and attention for the follow-up of thousands of images transmitted during capsule endoscopy or to have knowledge in physics necessary for autofluorescence imaging endoscopy. Therefore, the idea of an endoscopist has changed. Examinations mentioned need a special formation, a superior level of instruction, accessible to those who have already gained enough experience in basic diagnostic endoscopy. This is the reason for what these new issues of endoscopy are presented in this book of New techniques in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Hands free adjustment of the microscope in microneurosurgery

A wide array of medical errors plague the healthcare system. The repercussions of those errors are more palpable in healthcare and more so in the operative microsurgical theater. The surgical microscope, although a key element within it, has a high propensity for errors. The two communication approaches evaluated in this study took advantage of the natural physiology of the human body by tracking and utilizing eye movements and body gestures to execute tasks that would typically require manual interaction with the microscope. Independent trials at the Charité Hospital in Berlin were conducted, and different technological tools like Virtual Reality were utilized to evaluate them. Specialized tasks were created for both of the trials. The results showed us that these body tracking approaches (body gestures and gaze) were almost 30% and 20% faster than the contemporary alternative. In the last 20 years, the diffusion of technology within medicine has been enormous, these new patient-oriented technological approaches could be revolutionary in controlling an existing critical element within the microsurgical theater.Das Gesundheitssystem wird von einer Vielzahl medizinischer Fehler geplagt. Die Auswirkungen dieser Fehler sind im Gesundheitswesen und insbesondere im mikrochirurgischen Operationssaal am deutlichsten spürbar. Das Operationsmikroskop ist zwar ein Schlüsselelement in diesem Bereich, aber dennoch sehr fehleranfällig. Die beiden in dieser Studie untersuchten Kommunikationsansätze verwenden die natürliche Physiologie des menschlichen Körpers, indem sie Augenbewegungen und Körpergesten verfolgen und nutzen, um Aufgaben auszuführen, die normalerweise eine manuelle Interaktion mit dem Mikroskop erfordern würden. In der Charité in Berlin wurden separate Trials durchgeführt und verschiedene technische Hilfsmittel wie Virtual Reality eingesetzt, um sie zu bewerten. Für beide Trials wurden spezielle Aufgaben erstellt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten uns, dass diese Body-Tracking-Ansätze (Körpergesten und Blicke) fast 30 % bzw. 20 % schneller waren als der aktuelle Stand der Technik. In den letzten 20 Jahren hat die Technologie in der Medizin eine enorme Verbreitung erfahren; diese neuen patientenorientierten technologischen Ansätze könnten bei der Kontrolle eines bestehenden kritischen Elements im mikrochirurgischen Bereich revolutionär sein

Aquisição, tratamento, arquivo e difusão de exames de endoscopia

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia BiomédicaDe entre os diversos tipos de exames de endoscopia, a esofagogastroduodenoscopia assume um papel preponderante devido a ser o método ideal para examinar a mucosa do trato digestivo alto, bem como para detetar inúmeras patologias gastrenterológicas. O resultado deste tipo de exames é, geralmente, um relatório composto por um conjunto de frames capturados durante o exame, eventualmente acompanhado por um vídeo. Hoje em dia, apenas as imagens juntamente com o relatório endoscópico, são arquivadas. O facto de o vídeo não ser arquivado pode conduzir a um incómodo no bem-estar do paciente, assim como a um acréscimo de custos e tempo despendido, pois frequentemente o mesmo é necessário para revisão e validação da hipótese de diagnóstico, bem como para comparação de segmentos do vídeo com exames futuros. Mesmo nos casos em que a informação é arquivada, a falta de reutilização e partilha de informação e vídeos entre entidades contribui, mais uma vez, para uma repetição desnecessária de exames. A existência de um arquivo de vídeos endoscópicos seria uma mais-valia, pois além de resolver os problemas referidos ainda possibilitaria a sua utilização para fins de pesquisa e investigação, além de disponibilizar exames para servirem como referência para estudo de casos similares. Neste trabalho é proposta uma solução abrangente para a aquisição, tratamento, arquivo e difusão de exames de endoscopia. O objetivo passa por disponibilizar um sistema capaz de gerir toda a informação clínica e administrativa (incluindo conteúdo audiovisual) desde o seu processo de aquisição até ao processo de pesquisa de exames antigos, para comparação com novos casos. De forma a garantir a compatibilidade lexical da informação partilhada no sistema, foi utilizado um vocabulário endoscópico estandardizado, o Minimal Standard Terminology (MST). Neste contexto foi planeado um dispositivo (MIVbox) orientado à aquisição do vídeo endoscópico, independentemente da câmara endoscópica utilizada. Toda a informação é armazenada de forma estruturada e normalizada, possibilitando a sua reutilização e difusão. Para facilitar este processo de partilha, o vídeo sofre algumas etapas de processamento, de forma a ser obtido um vídeo reduzido e as respetivas características do conteúdo. Deste modo, a solução proposta contempla um sistema de anotação que habilita a pesquisa por conteúdo, servindo assim como uma ferramenta versátil para a investigação nesta área. Este sistema é ainda dotado de um módulo de streaming, no qual é transmitido, em tempo real, o exame endoscópico, disponibilizando um canal de comunicação com vídeo unidirecional e áudio bidirecional, permitindo que os profissionais ausentes da sala do exame deem a sua opinião remotamente.Among the different kinds of endoscopic procedures, esophagogastroduodenoscopy plays a major role because it is the ideal method to examine the upper digestive tract, as well as to detect numerous gasteroentologic diseases. The result of such procedures is usually a written report that comprises a set of frames captured during the examination, sometimes complemented with a video. Nowadays only the images are stored along with the endoscopic report. Not storing the video may lead to discomfort concerning the patient’s well-being, as well as an increase of costs and time spent, because it is often necessary to review and validate the diagnostic hypothesis, and compare video segments in future exams. Even in the cases in which the information is stored, the lack of reutilization and share of information and videos among entities contributes, once again, for an unnecessary repetition of exams. Besides solving the problems mentioned above, the existence of an endoscopic video archive would be an asset because it would enable research and investigation activities. Furthermore it would make available exams to serve as a reference for the study of similar cases. In this work, an extended solution of acquisition, processing, archiving and diffusion of endoscopic procedures is proposed. The aim is to provide a system capable of managing all the administrative and clinical information (including audiovisual content) from its acquisition process to the searching process of previous exams, for comparison with new cases. In order to ensure compatibility of lexical information shared in the system, a standardized endoscopic vocabulary, the Minimal Standard Terminology (MST) was used. In this context, a device for the acquisition of the endoscopic video was designed (MIVbox), regardless of the endoscopic camera that is used. All the information is stored in a structured and standardized way, allowing its reuse and sharing. To facilitate this sharing process, the video undergoes some processing steps in order to obtain a summarized video and the respective content characteristics. The proposed solution provides an annotation system that enables content querying, thus becoming a versatile tool for research in this area. This system is also provided with a streaming module in which the endoscopic video is transmitted in real time. This process uses a communication channel with one-way video and two-way audio, allowing professionals absent from the exam room to give their opinion remotely