MT on and for the Web

Abstract A Systran MT server became available on the minitel network in 1984, and on Internet in 1994. Since then we have come to a better understanding of the nature of MT systems by separately analyzing their linguistic, computational, and operational architectures. Also, thanks to the CxAxQ metatheorem, the systems' inherent limits have been clarified, and design choices can now be made in an informed manner according to the translation situations. MT evaluation has also matured: tools based on reference translations are useful for measuring progress; those based on subjective judgments for estimating future usage quality; and task-related objective measures (such as post-editing distances) for measuring operational quality. Moreover, the same technological advances that have led to "Web 2.0" have brought several futuristic predictions to fruition. Free Web MT services have democratized assimilation MT beyond belief. Speech translation research has given rise to usable systems for restricted tasks running on PDAs or on mobile phones connected to servers. New man-machine interface techniques have made interactive disambiguation usable in large-coverage multimodal MT. Increases in computing power have made statistical methods workable, and have led to the possibility of building low-linguisticquality but still useful MT systems by machine learning from aligned bilingual corpora (SMT, EBMT). In parallel, progress has been made in developing interlingua-based MT systems, using hybrid methods. Unfortunately, many misconceptions about MT have spread among the public, and even among MT researchers, because of ignorance of the past and present of MT R&D. A compensating factor is the willingness of end users to freely contribute to building essential parts of the linguistic knowledge needed to construct MT systems, whether corpus-related or lexical. Finally, some developments we anticipated fifteen years ago have not yet materialized, such as online writing tools equipped with interactive disambiguation, and as a corollary the possibility of transforming source documents into self-explaining documents (SEDs) and of producing corresponding SEDs fully automatically in several target languages. These visions should now be realized, thanks to the evolution of Web programming and multilingual NLP techniques, leading towards a true Semantic Web, "Web 3.0", which will support ubilingual (ubiquitous multilingual) computing

Cereals and Legumes: An Asian Perspective Summary Proceedings of the CLAN Country Coordinators'Consultative Meeting 29 Sept 1 Oct 1993

This publication is a report of the first Country Coordinators' meeting of the Cereals and Legumes Asia Network ( C L A N ) . Network activities during 1991-93 are re-viewed; collaborative research projects in the member countries are described, and future priorities suggested. The role of ICRISAT's research and research-support programs in the network is discussed. Papers from three international research institutes and a major funding agency are also included, outlining their possible contribu- tions to future C L A N activities.Recommendations are made for future research activities aimed at alleviating the major constraints to the production of C L A N priority crops: sorghum, millets, chick- pea, pigeonpea, and groundnut

Another epistemic culture : Reconstructing knowledge diffusion for rural development in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta

In the age of “post-industrial society” and “knowledge economy,” how do agrarian communities in developing countries talk, think, and apply knowledge for their everyday life and production? Does a farmer become a “knowledge worker,” or are knowledge workers only scientists, experts, development practitioners, and agriculture managers? More generally, is there a culture that nurtures knowledge production processes among interactive actors and across traditional boundaries and niches? Globalisation has transformed the way knowledge is produced, transmitted, and applied, as research results from one part of the world are transmitted over long distances to users who need it for their development. A wide gap has often arisen between epistemic culture, the culture of knowledge production, and the social and cultural conditions in which knowledge is applied. This problem is by no means new, but it has taken on new dimensions and practices. Founded on constructivist perspectives of systems thinking and symbolic interactionism, this research scrutinises knowledge diffusion for rural development within the interaction of different types of knowledge, knowledge processes and the four knowledge systems of agricultural extension, research, agribusiness, and farming community in the Mekong Delta, the largest and most active agriculture region in Vietnam. Placed in a broad analysis of the delta’s river and water civilisation (van minh song nuoc), modern hydraulic society developments and recent natural and social change impacts, the present research has revealed the duality of knowledge diffusion for agriculture and rural development in the Mekong Delta. The conventional model is still prominent in the knowledge diffusion landscape of the delta; researchers are knowledge producers, and agricultural extensionists and development experts are the main knowledge transfer agents of research results and technologies to rural residents as passive receivers. Sets of actors remain confined to their own life worlds, reading from their own scripts while farmers are perceived as passive knowledge and development receivers. The research has also illuminated a restructuration of knowledge diffusion from grassroots, informal, bottom-up efforts and networks conditioned on interactive environment, new identity of actors, and hybridity of knowledge work organisations. What is accentuated from multiple research case studies is that another epistemic culture of rural development is emerging. It is characterised by three principles of inclusionality, co-creation and reflexivity. Inclusionality promotes dynamic relational influences and co-evolutionary processes between nature and humans, environment and structure, community and individuals, knowledge source and receivers. The “I know better” fence that divides actors into the binarism of development experts-beneficiaries, knowledge source-passive receivers, and agencies with interest and knowledge work clashes is demolished. Co-creation relates to the active and creative participation of actors in development and knowledge development construction. Knowledge co-production can be formally performed in transdisciplinary research or everyday practice of collaborative informal grouping. It has to be built upon partnerships. Reflexivity refers to reflexive management of mega-knowledge in creating new knowledge at various levels of learning. Reflexivity creates opportunities for enhancement of conceptual readiness and effective implementation of innovation in more complicated and uncertain contexts of development as well as enrichment of local imaginings that potentially reshape and transform global issues and regimes. Another epistemic culture of development is emerging with an increasingly important role to play in constructing knowledge for sustainable rural development practices in the Mekong Delta, yet it is often “hidden” from the mainstream development and knowledge for development landscapes. It is from the internalist reconstruction and transformation within reflective communities and hybrid knowledge developed from interaction and networking logic that the alternative epistemic culture is beginning to spring, and in this same orientation it should be promoted. Yet, in the vast ocean of knowledge and emerging islands of new epistemic practices, micro-to-macro knowledge governance has to bridge and breed knowledge-processes-based interaction and learning cultures among communities and networks. If not, distributed transformations of the described epistemic culture of development only fall into being marginalised, budding, and unstructured features of knowledge-based societal change projects and cannot effectively lead (to) rural development transformation

Real-Time Event Analysis and Spatial Information Extraction From Text Using Social Media Data

Since the advent of websites that enable users to participate and interact with each other by sharing content in different forms, a plethora of possibly relevant information is at scientists\u27 fingertips. Consequently, this thesis elaborates on two distinct approaches to extract valuable information from social media data and sketches out the potential joint use case in the domain of natural disasters

The Viet Nam Generation Big Book

An anthology of essays, narrative, poetry and graphics published in lieu of a 1993 issue of Viet Nam Generation, intended to be used as a textbook for teaching about the 1960s. Edited by Dan Duffy and Kali Tal. Contributing editors: Renny Christopher. David DeRose, Alan Farrell. Cynthia Fuchs, William M. King. Bill Shields, Tony Williams, and David Willson

Simple identification tools in FishBase

Simple identification tools for fish species were included in the FishBase information system from its inception. Early tools made use of the relational model and characters like fin ray meristics. Soon pictures and drawings were added as a further help, similar to a field guide. Later came the computerization of existing dichotomous keys, again in combination with pictures and other information, and the ability to restrict possible species by country, area, or taxonomic group. Today, www.FishBase.org offers four different ways to identify species. This paper describes these tools with their advantages and disadvantages, and suggests various options for further development. It explores the possibility of a holistic and integrated computeraided strategy

Course Catalog, 1984-1986

Course Catalogs include available majors, course requirements, costs, pictures, a brief institution history, and more.https://digitalcommons.kean.edu/ua_kc_cc/1010/thumbnail.jp