A survey on Bluetooth multi-hop networks

Bluetooth was firstly announced in 1998. Originally designed as cable replacement connecting devices in a point-to-point fashion its high penetration arouses interest in its ad-hoc networking potential. This ad-hoc networking potential of Bluetooth is advertised for years - but until recently no actual products were available and less than a handful of real Bluetooth multi-hop network deployments were reported. The turnaround was triggered by the release of the Bluetooth Low Energy Mesh Profile which is unquestionable a great achievement but not well suited for all use cases of multi-hop networks. This paper surveys the tremendous work done on Bluetooth multi-hop networks during the last 20 years. All aspects are discussed with demands for a real world Bluetooth multi-hop operation in mind. Relationships and side effects of different topics for a real world implementation are explained. This unique focus distinguishes this survey from existing ones. Furthermore, to the best of the authors’ knowledge this is the first survey consolidating the work on Bluetooth multi-hop networks for classic Bluetooth technology as well as for Bluetooth Low Energy. Another individual characteristic of this survey is a synopsis of real world Bluetooth multi-hop network deployment efforts. In fact, there are only four reports of a successful establishment of a Bluetooth multi-hop network with more than 30 nodes and only one of them was integrated in a real world application - namely a photovoltaic power plant. © 2019 The Author

Constructing energy efficient bluetooth scatternets for wireless sensor networks

Cataloged from PDF version of article.The improvements in the area of wireless communication and micro-sensor technology have made the deployment of thousands, even millions, of low cost and low power sensor nodes in a region of interest a reality. After deploying sensor nodes in a target region of interest, which can be inaccessible by people, people can collect useful data from the region remotely. The sensor nodes use wireless communication and can collaborate with each other. However, sensor nodes are battery powered and therefore they have limited energy and lifetime. This makes energy as the main resource problem in sensor networks. The design process for sensor networks has to consider energy constraints as the main factor to extend the lifetime of the network. The wireless technology used for communication among sensor nodes can affect the lifetime of the network, since different technologies have different energy consumption parameters. Bluetooth, being low power and low cost, is a good candidate for being the underlying wireless connectivity technology for sensor networks tailored for various applications. But in order to build a large network of Bluetooth-enabled sensor nodes, we have to first form a Bluetooth scatternet. The topology of the Bluetooth scatternet affects the routing scheme to be used over that topology to collect and route informaton from sensor nodes to a base station. And routing scheme, in turn, affects how much energy is consumed during transport of information. Therefore, it is important to build a Bluetooth scatternet wisely to reduce and balance the energy consumption, hence extend the lifetime of a sensor network. In this thesis work, we propose a new Bluetooth scatternet formation algorithm to be used in Bluetooth-based sensor networks. Our algorithm is based on first computing a shortest path tree from the base station to all sensor nodes and then solving the degree constraint problem so that the degree of each node in the network is not greater than seven (a Bluetooth constraint). We also propose a balancing algorithm over the degree constrained tree to balance the energy consumption of the nodes that are closer to the base station. The closer nodes are the nodes that will consume more energy in the network since all traffic has to be forwarded over these nodes. Our simulation results show that our proposed algorithm improves the lifetime of the network by trying to reduce the energy consumed during data transfer and also by balancing the load among the nodes.Saginbekov, SainM.S

Distributed construction and maintenance of bandwidth-efficient bluetooth scatternets

Cataloged from PDF version of article.Bluetooth is currently the mainstream technology used for short range wireless communication due to its low power and low cost properties. In order to communicate, Bluetooth enabled devices can form networks called piconets, which consist of at most eight members. To construct larger Bluetooth networks, which are called scatternets, any number of piconets can be combined. Although piconet construction process is standardized by Bluetooth Special Interest Group, scatternet construction policies and algorithms are not yet clarified. There have been many solution proposals for the scatternet construction problem each of which focuses on different aspects of it like the efficiency of the construction algorithm, ease of routing in the resulting scatternet and number of piconets that constitute it. Although various considerations came into picture, bandwidth efficiency of the resulting scatternet topology, which depends on the placement of nodes and communication demand among them, did not take much attention. In this thesis, we provide a distributed and adaptive algorithm that constructs a scatternet and based on collected traffic flow information, modifies it to minimize the overall bandwidth usage. As consequences of efficient use of available bandwidth, reduce in average latency and total energy consumption as well as increase in available bandwidth for new communication demand are also aimed. Moreover, performance of the proposed algorithm is presented, based on the evaluation criteria described.Tekkalmaz, MetinM.S

AN EFFICIENT COMBINED CONGESTION HANDLING=--A--cN-:cD~-­ ROUTE MAINTENANCE PROTOCOL FOR DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT IN BLUETOOTH NETWORK

Bluetooth IS a widespread technology for small wireless networks that permits Bluetooth devices to construct a multi-hop network called a scatternet. A large number of connections passing through a single master/ bridge device may create the problem of congestion in a Bluetooth scatternet. In addition, routing in a multi-hop dynamic Bluetooth network, where a number of masters and bridges exist, sometimes creates technical hitches in a scatternet. It has been observed that frequent link disconnections and a new route construction consume more system resources that ultimately degrade the performance of the whole network. As, Bluetooth specification has defined piconet configuration, scatternet configuration has still not been standardized. The main objective of this thesis is to provide an efficient combined protocol for scatternet congestion handling and route maintenance. The methodology contains three parts

Improving forwarding mechanisms for mobile personal area networks

This thesis presents novel methods for improving forwarding mechanisms for personal area networks. Personal area networks are formed by interconnecting personal devices such as personal digital assistants, portable multimedia devices, digital cameras and laptop computers, in an ad hoc fashion. These devices are typically characterised by low complexity hardware, low memory and are usually batterypowered. Protocols and mechanisms developed for general ad hoc networking cannot be directly applied to personal area networks as they are not optimised to suit their specific constraints. The work presented herein proposes solutions for improving error control and routing over personal area networks, which are very important ingredients to the good functioning of the network. The proposed Packet Error Correction (PEC) technique resends only a subset of the transmitted packets, thereby reducing the overhead, while ensuring improved error rates. PEC adapts the number of re-transmissible packets to the conditions of the channel so that unnecessary retransmissions are avoided. It is shown by means of computer simulation that PEC behaves better, in terms of error reduction and overhead, than traditional error control mechanisms, which means that it is adequate for low-power personal devices. The proposed C2HR routing protocol, on the other hand, is designed such that the network lifetime is maximised. This is achieved by forwarding packets through the most energy efficient paths. C2HR is a hybrid routing protocol in the sense that it employs table-driven (proactive) as well as on-demand (reactive) components. Proactive routes are the primary routes, i.e., packets are forwarded through those paths when the network is stable; however, in case of failures, the protocol searches for alternative routes on-demand, through which data is routed temporarily. The advantage of C2HR is that data can still be forwarded even when routing is re-converging, thereby increasing the throughput. Simulation results show that the proposed routing method is more energy efficient than traditional least hops routing, and results in higher data throughput. C2HR relies on a network leader for collecting and distributing topology information, which in turn requires an estimate of the underlying topology. Thus, this thesis also proposes a new cooperative leader election algorithm and techniques for estimating network characteristics in mobile environments. The proposed solutions are simulated under various conditions and demonstrate appreciable behaviour

Using artificial intelligence in routing schemes for wireless networks

For the latest 10 years, many authors have focused their investigations in wireless sensor networks. Different researching issues have been extensively developed: power consumption, MAC protocols, self-organizing network algorithms, data-aggregation schemes, routing protocols, QoS management, etc. Due to the constraints on data processing and power consumption, the use of artificial intelligence has been historically discarded. However, in some special scenarios the features of neural networks are appropriate to develop complex tasks such as path discovery. In this paper, we explore the performance of two very well-known routing paradigms, directed diffusion and Energy-Aware Routing, and our routing algorithm, named SIR, which has the novelty of being based on the introduction of neural networks in every sensor node. Extensive simulations over our wireless sensor network simulator, OLIMPO, have been carried out to study the efficiency of the introduction of neural networks. A comparison of the results obtained with every routing protocol is analyzed. This paper attempts to encourage the use of artificial intelligence techniques in wireless sensor nodes

Wireless Sensor Networks And Data Fusion For Structural Health Monitoring Of Aircraft

This thesis discusses an architecture and design of a sensor web to be used for structural health monitoring of an aircraft. Also presented are several prototypes of critical parts of the sensor web. The proposed sensor web will utilize sensor nodes situated throughout the structure. These nodes and one or more workstations will support agents that communicate and collaborate to monitor the health of the structure. Agents can be any internal or external autonomous entity that has direct access to affect a given system. For the purposes of this document, an agent will be defined as an autonomous software resource that has the ability to make decisions for itself based on given tasks and abilities while also collaborating with others to find a feasible answer to a given problem regarding the structural health monitoring system. Once the agents have received relevant data from nodes, they will utilize applications that perform data fusion techniques to classify events and further improve the functionality of the system for more accurate future classifications. Agents will also pass alerts up a self-configuring hierarchy of monitor agents and make them available for review by personnel. This thesis makes use of previous results from applying the Gaia methodology for analysis and design of the multiagent system