An Enhanced AODV Protocol for Avoiding Black Holes in MANET

© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Black hole attack is one of the well-known attacks on Mobile Ad hoc Networks, MANET. This paper discusses this problem and proposes a new approach based on building a global reputation system that helps AODV protocol in selecting the best path to destination, when there is more than one possible route. The proposed protocol enhances the using of watchdogs in AODV by collecting the observations and broadcasting them to all nodes in the network using a low overhead approach. Moreover, the proposed protocol takes into account the detection challenge when a black hole continuously moves

Algorithms based on spider daddy long legs for finding the optimal route in securing mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are wireless networks that are subject to severe attacks, such as the black hole attack. One of the goals in the research is to find a method to prevent black hole attacks without decreasing network throughput or increasing routing overhead. The routing mechanism in define uses route requests (RREQs; for discovering routes) and route replies (RREPs; for receiving paths). However, this mechanism is vulnerable to attacks by malicious black hole nodes. The mechanism is developed to find the shortest secure path and to reduce overhead using the information that is available in the routing tables as an input to propose a more complex nature-inspired algorithm. The new method is called the Daddy Long-Legs Algorithm (PGO-DLLA), which modifies the standard AODV and optimizes the routing process. This method avoids dependency exclusively on the hop counts and destination sequence numbers (DSNs) that are exploited by malicious nodes in the standard AODV protocol. The experiment by performance metrics End-to-End delay and packet delivery ratio are compared in order to determine the best effort traffic. The results showed the PGO-DLLA improvement of the shortest and secure routing from black hole attack in MANET. In addition, the results indicate better performance than the related works algorithm with respect to all metrics excluding throughput which AntNet is best in routing when the pause time be more than 40 seconds. PGODLLA is able to improve the route discovery against the black hole attacks in AODV. Experiments in this thesis have shown that PGO-DLLA is able to reduce the normalized routing load, end-to-end delay, and packet loss and has a good throughput and packet delivery ratio when compared with the standard AODV protocol, BAODV protocol, and the current related protocols that enhance the routing security of the AODV protocols

Intelligent black hole detection in mobile AdHoc networks

Security is a critical and challenging issue in MANET due to its open-nature characteristics such as: mobility, wireless communications, self-organizing and dynamic topology. MANETs are commonly the target of black hole attacks. These are launched by malicious nodes that join the network to sabotage and drain it of its resources. Black hole nodes intercept exchanged data packets and simply drop them. The black hole node uses vulnerabilities in the routing protocol of MANETS to declare itself as the closest relay node to any destination. This work proposed two detection protocols based on the collected dataset, namely: the BDD-AODV and Hybrid protocols. Both protocols were built on top of the original AODV. The BDD-AODV protocol depends on the features collected for the prevention and detection of black hole attack techniques. On the other hand, the Hybrid protocol is a combination of both the MI-AODV and the proposed BDD-AODV protocols. Extensive simulation experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms. Simulation results show that the proposed protocols improved the detection and prevention of black hole nodes, and hence, the network achieved a higher packet delivery ratio, lower dropped packets ratio, and lower overhead. However, this improvement led to a slight increase in the end-to-end delay

A Ubiquitous Solution for Mitigation of Black Hole Attack in Cognitive Radio

In the current scenario Cognitive Radio (CR) has become one of the best available solution for spectrum shortage problem. Moreover, for secure data transmission over these networks it is mandatory to make these networks robust and less vulnerable against the various types of attacks. Through this paper we have presented a ubiquitous solution for one of the attack viz. black hole attack. Its implementation and simulation in detail with PDR and Throughput. The paper deals with different type of attacks and protocols explained well here. Further there is implemention of algorithm on different parameters to achieve the improved rates than earlier solutions. The paper also deals with question of selecting AODV as it protocol used in simulation. Many aspects of attacks, secure network environment are explained here in this paper. Finally in simulation we got improved results for the parameters taken with some modification in AODV protocol

Protocol for Multiple Black Hole Attack Avoidance in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) form a new wireless networking paradigm with unique characteristics that give them appreciated interest in a vast range of applications. However, many challenges are facing MANETs including security, routing, transmission range, and dynamically changing topology with high node mobility. Security is considered as the main obstacle for the widespread adoption of MANET applications. Black hole attack is a type of DoS attack that can disrupt the services of the network layer. It has the worst malicious impact on network performance as the number of malicious nodes increases. Several mechanisms and protocols have been proposed to detect and mitigate its effects using different strategies. However, many of these solutions impose more overhead and increase the average end-to-end delay. This chapter proposes an enhanced and modified protocol called “Enhanced RID-AODV,” based on a preceding mechanism: RID-AODV. The proposed enhancement is based on creating dynamic blacklists for each node in the network. Each node, according to criteria, depends on the number of mismatches of hash values of received packets as compared with some threshold values, and the sudden change in the round-trip time (RTT) can decide to add or remove other nodes to or from its blacklist. The threshold is a function of mobility (variable threshold) to cancel the effect of normal link failure. Enhanced RID-AODV was implemented in ns-2 simulator and compared with three previous solutions for mitigating multiple black hole attacks in terms of performance metrics. The results show an increase in throughput and packet delivery ratio and a decrease in end-to-end delay and overhead ratio

A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY ON DETECTING BLACK HOLE ATTACK IN MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORK (MANET)

The infrastructure-less nature and mobility of nodes in mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) make it to be very susceptible to various attacks. Besides, owing to its flexibility and simplicity, there is no predefined time or permission set for nodes to leave or join the network and each node can act as a client or server.  Nevertheless, securing communication between nodes has become a challenging problem than in other types of network. Attacks in MANET range into different categories. Black hole attack is one of the attacks that has been addressed by many researchers in the recent years. It does occur when a harmful mobile node called black hole becomes a part of the network and tries to use its malicious behaviors by sending fake route reply packets (RREP) for any received route request packets (RREQ). When these faked packets arrive to the source node, it does reply to them by sending data packet via the established route. Once the packets are received by the black hole, it drops them before reaching the destination.  Hence, preventing the source node from reaching the intended destination. In this paper, we present an overview of a wide range of techniques suggested in the literature for detecting and preventing black hole attacks in mobile ad hoc network. Additionally, the effect of each approach on the network performance is also presented

Taguchi Based Self-Configure Data Rate Optimization AODVUU Routing Parameters In MANET Over Optical Network Performances

Research and development advancements in the area of wireless technologies give rises of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) domain but is constrained to the single networks and stand alone. Furthermore, the communication networking applications requirements mostly still depends on fixed infrastructure networks that lead to MANET need to communicate with internet. Consequently, the traditional mobile routing protocols proposed for MANET are inefficient but play an equivalent important role in the performances of mobile wireless network over optical backhaul with focusing of MANET of the wireless domain in access network. Routing protocols procedures are controlled with a set of parameters from being dragged to undesired situations such as un-optimized Quality of Service (QoS) resource consumption. These parameters have a direct impact on the efficiency of a routing protocol and the overall MANET network performances. This paper proposed an offline optimization through simulation design of experiment of the AODV-UU parameters of MANET is evaluated by performing Taguchi signal to noise ratio (SNR) method for fine-tuning the AODV-UU routing parameters using the OMNeT++ software. The work is further extended with self-configure multiple data rates (SCMDR) scheme-a cross-layer-specific technique. AODV-UU with Taguchi tuned under the proposed SCMDR scheme is compared with AODV-UU configuration of oRiG scheme also as respects to previous work is examined based on capacity consumption, end-to-end delay metric and energy consumption metric under the varying speed scenario. The obtained results showed that, AODV-UU with Taguchi configuration outperformed the AODV-UU for the mention performance metrics here. The existing of current access network of the telco operators can benefit from the proposed improvement here

Intelligent detection of black hole attacks for secure communication in autonomous and connected vehicles

Detection of Black Hole attacks is one of the most challenging and critical routing security issues in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and autonomous and connected vehicles (ACVs). Malicious vehicles or nodes may exist in the cyber-physical path on which the data and control packets have to be routed converting a secure and reliable route into a compromised one. However, instead of passing packets to a neighbouring node, malicious nodes bypass them and drop any data packets that could contain emergency alarms. We introduce an intelligent black hole attack detection scheme (IDBA) tailored to ACV. We consider four key parameters in the design of the scheme, namely, Hop Count, Destination Sequence Number, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and End-to-End delay (E2E). We tested the performance of our IDBA against AODV with Black Hole (BAODV), Intrusion Detection System (IdsAODV), and EAODV algorithms. Extensive simulation results show that our IDBA outperforms existing approaches in terms of PDR, E2E, Routing Overhead, Packet Loss Rate, and Throughput