A Review of the Energy Efficient and Secure Multicast Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

This paper presents a thorough survey of recent work addressing energy efficient multicast routing protocols and secure multicast routing protocols in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). There are so many issues and solutions which witness the need of energy management and security in ad hoc wireless networks. The objective of a multicast routing protocol for MANETs is to support the propagation of data from a sender to all the receivers of a multicast group while trying to use the available bandwidth efficiently in the presence of frequent topology changes. Multicasting can improve the efficiency of the wireless link when sending multiple copies of messages by exploiting the inherent broadcast property of wireless transmission. Secure multicast routing plays a significant role in MANETs. However, offering energy efficient and secure multicast routing is a difficult and challenging task. In recent years, various multicast routing protocols have been proposed for MANETs. These protocols have distinguishing features and use different mechanismsComment: 15 page

A Candour-based Trust and Reputation Management System for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

The decentralized administrative controlled-nature of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) presents security vulnerabilities which can lead to attacks such as malicious modification of packets. To enhance security in MANETs, Trust and Reputation Management systems (TRM) have been developed to serve as measures in mitigating threats arising from unusual behaviours of nodes. In this paper we propose a candour-based trust and reputation system which measures and models reputation and trust propagation in MANETs. In the proposed model Dirichlet Probability Distribution is employed in modelling the individual reputation of nodes and the trust of each node is computed based on the node’s actual network performance and the quality of the recommendations it gives about other nodes. Cooperative nodes in our model will be rewarded for expanding their energy in forwarding packets for other nodes or for disseminating genuine recommenda-tions. Uncooperative nodes are isolated and denied the available network resources. We employed the Ruffle algorithm which will ensure that cooperative nodes are allowed to activate sleep mode when their service is not required in forwarding packets for its neighbouring trustworthy nodes. The proposed TRM system enshrines fairness in its mode of operation as well as creating an enabling environment free from bias. It will also ensure a connected and capacity preserving network of trustworthy node

Secure Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have emerged as a promising concept to meet the challenges in next-generation networks such as providing flexible, adaptive, and reconfigurable architecture while offering cost-effective solutions to the service providers. Unlike traditional Wi-Fi networks, with each access point (AP) connected to the wired network, in WMNs only a subset of the APs are required to be connected to the wired network. The APs that are connected to the wired network are called the Internet gateways (IGWs), while the APs that do not have wired connections are called the mesh routers (MRs). The MRs are connected to the IGWs using multi-hop communication. The IGWs provide access to conventional clients and interconnect ad hoc, sensor, cellular, and other networks to the Internet. However, most of the existing routing protocols for WMNs are extensions of protocols originally designed for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and thus they perform sub-optimally. Moreover, most routing protocols for WMNs are designed without security issues in mind, where the nodes are all assumed to be honest. In practical deployment scenarios, this assumption does not hold. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of security issues in WMNs and then particularly focuses on secure routing in these networks. First, it identifies security vulnerabilities in the medium access control (MAC) and the network layers. Various possibilities of compromising data confidentiality, data integrity, replay attacks and offline cryptanalysis are also discussed. Then various types of attacks in the MAC and the network layers are discussed. After enumerating the various types of attacks on the MAC and the network layer, the chapter briefly discusses on some of the preventive mechanisms for these attacks.Comment: 44 pages, 17 figures, 5 table

Cooperative Self-Scheduling Secure Routing Protocol for Efficient Communication in MANET

In wireless transmission, a Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) contains many mobile nodes that can communicate without needing base stations. Due to the highly dynamic nature of wireless, MANETs face several issues, like malicious nodes making packet loss, high energy consumption, and security. Key challenges include efficient clustering and routing with optimal energy efficiency for Quality of Service (QoS) performance. To combat these issues, this novel presents Cooperative Self-Scheduling Secure Routing Protocol (CoS3RP) for efficient scheduling for proficient packet transmission in MANET. Initially, we used Elite Sparrow Search Algorithm (ESSA) for identifies the Cluster Head (CH) and form clusters. The Multipath Optimal Distance Selection (MODS) technique is used to find the multiple routes for data transmission. Afterward, the proposed CoS3RP transmits the packets based on each node authentication. The proposed method for evaluating and selecting efficient routing and data transfer paths is implemented using the Network simulator (NS2) tool, and the results are compared with other methods. Furthermore, the proposed well performs in routing performance, security, latency and throughput

Investigating Open Issues in Swarm Intelligence for Mitigating Security Threats in MANET

The area of Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) has being a demanded topic of research for more than a decade because of its attractive communication features associated with various issues. This paper primarily discusses on the security issues, which has been still unsolved after abundant research work. The paper basically stresses on the potential features of Swarm Intelligence (SI) and its associated techniques to mitigate the security issues. Majority of the previous researches based on SI has used Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) or Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) extensively. Elaborated discussion on SI with respect to trust management, authentication, and attack models are made with support of some of the recent studies done in same area. The paper finally concludes by discussing the open issues and problem identification of the review

Secure Energy Aware Optimal Routing using Reinforcement Learning-based Decision-Making with a Hybrid Optimization Algorithm in MANET

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are wireless networks that are perfect for applications such as special outdoor events, communications in areas without wireless infrastructure, crises and natural disasters, and military activities because they do not require any preexisting network infrastructure and can be deployed quickly. Mobile ad hoc networks can be made to last longer through the use of clustering, which is one of the most effective uses of energy. Security is a key issue in the development of ad hoc networks. Many studies have been conducted on how to reduce the energy expenditure of the nodes in this network. The majority of these approaches might conserve energy and extend the life of the nodes. The major goal of this research is to develop an energy-aware, secure mechanism for MANETs. Secure Energy Aware Reinforcement Learning based Decision Making with Hybrid Optimization Algorithm (RL-DMHOA) is proposed for detecting the malicious node in the network. With the assistance of the optimization algorithm, data can be transferred more efficiently by choosing aggregation points that allow individual nodes to conserve power The optimum path is chosen by combining the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and the Bat Algorithm (BA) to create a fitness function that maximizes across-cluster distance, delay, and node energy. Three state-of-the-art methods are compared to the suggested method on a variety of metrics. Throughput of 94.8 percent, average latency of 28.1 percent, malicious detection rate of 91.4 percent, packet delivery ratio of 92.4 percent, and network lifetime of 85.2 percent are all attained with the suggested RL-DMHOA approach

Factors Impacting Key Management Effectiveness in Secured Wireless Networks

The use of a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) offers a cryptographic solution that can overcome many, but not all, of the MANET security problems. One of the most critical aspects of a PKI system is how well it implements Key Management. Key Management deals with key generation, key storage, key distribution, key updating, key revocation, and certificate service in accordance with security policies over the lifecycle of the cryptography. The approach supported by traditional PKI works well in fixed wired networks, but it may not appropriate for MANET due to the lack of fixed infrastructure to support the PKI. This research seeks to identify best practices in securing networks which may be applied to new network architectures