754 research outputs found

    A sparse decomposition of low rank symmetric positive semi-definite matrices

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    Suppose that A∈RN×NA \in \mathbb{R}^{N \times N} is symmetric positive semidefinite with rank K≀NK \le N. Our goal is to decompose AA into KK rank-one matrices ∑k=1KgkgkT\sum_{k=1}^K g_k g_k^T where the modes {gk}k=1K\{g_{k}\}_{k=1}^K are required to be as sparse as possible. In contrast to eigen decomposition, these sparse modes are not required to be orthogonal. Such a problem arises in random field parametrization where AA is the covariance function and is intractable to solve in general. In this paper, we partition the indices from 1 to NN into several patches and propose to quantify the sparseness of a vector by the number of patches on which it is nonzero, which is called patch-wise sparseness. Our aim is to find the decomposition which minimizes the total patch-wise sparseness of the decomposed modes. We propose a domain-decomposition type method, called intrinsic sparse mode decomposition (ISMD), which follows the "local-modes-construction + patching-up" procedure. The key step in the ISMD is to construct local pieces of the intrinsic sparse modes by a joint diagonalization problem. Thereafter a pivoted Cholesky decomposition is utilized to glue these local pieces together. Optimal sparse decomposition, consistency with different domain decomposition and robustness to small perturbation are proved under the so called regular-sparse assumption (see Definition 1.2). We provide simulation results to show the efficiency and robustness of the ISMD. We also compare the ISMD to other existing methods, e.g., eigen decomposition, pivoted Cholesky decomposition and convex relaxation of sparse principal component analysis [25] and [40]

    Spectral methods for multimodal data analysis

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    Spectral methods have proven themselves as an important and versatile tool in a wide range of problems in the fields of computer graphics, machine learning, pattern recognition, and computer vision, where many important problems boil down to constructing a Laplacian operator and finding a few of its eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. Classical examples include the computation of diffusion distances on manifolds in computer graphics, Laplacian eigenmaps, and spectral clustering in machine learning. In many cases, one has to deal with multiple data spaces simultaneously. For example, clustering multimedia data in machine learning applications involves various modalities or ``views'' (e.g., text and images), and finding correspondence between shapes in computer graphics problems is an operation performed between two or more modalities. In this thesis, we develop a generalization of spectral methods to deal with multiple data spaces and apply them to problems from the domains of computer graphics, machine learning, and image processing. Our main construction is based on simultaneous diagonalization of Laplacian operators. We present an efficient numerical technique for computing joint approximate eigenvectors of two or more Laplacians in challenging noisy scenarios, which also appears to be the first general non-smooth manifold optimization method. Finally, we use the relation between joint approximate diagonalizability and approximate commutativity of operators to define a structural similarity measure for images. We use this measure to perform structure-preserving color manipulations of a given image

    Guaranteed Non-Orthogonal Tensor Decomposition via Alternating Rank-11 Updates

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    In this paper, we provide local and global convergence guarantees for recovering CP (Candecomp/Parafac) tensor decomposition. The main step of the proposed algorithm is a simple alternating rank-11 update which is the alternating version of the tensor power iteration adapted for asymmetric tensors. Local convergence guarantees are established for third order tensors of rank kk in dd dimensions, when k=o(d1.5)k=o \bigl( d^{1.5} \bigr) and the tensor components are incoherent. Thus, we can recover overcomplete tensor decomposition. We also strengthen the results to global convergence guarantees under stricter rank condition k≀ÎČdk \le \beta d (for arbitrary constant ÎČ>1\beta > 1) through a simple initialization procedure where the algorithm is initialized by top singular vectors of random tensor slices. Furthermore, the approximate local convergence guarantees for pp-th order tensors are also provided under rank condition k=o(dp/2)k=o \bigl( d^{p/2} \bigr). The guarantees also include tight perturbation analysis given noisy tensor.Comment: We have added an additional sub-algorithm to remove the (approximate) residual error left after the tensor power iteratio

    Advanced Algebraic Concepts for Efficient Multi-Channel Signal Processing

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    ï»żUnsere moderne Gesellschaft ist Zeuge eines fundamentalen Wandels in der Art und Weise wie wir mit Technologie interagieren. GerĂ€te werden zunehmend intelligenter - sie verfĂŒgen ĂŒber mehr und mehr Rechenleistung und hĂ€ufiger ĂŒber eigene Kommunikationsschnittstellen. Das beginnt bei einfachen HaushaltsgerĂ€ten und reicht ĂŒber Transportmittel bis zu großen ĂŒberregionalen Systemen wie etwa dem Stromnetz. Die Erfassung, die Verarbeitung und der Austausch digitaler Informationen gewinnt daher immer mehr an Bedeutung. Die Tatsache, dass ein wachsender Anteil der GerĂ€te heutzutage mobil und deshalb batteriebetrieben ist, begrĂŒndet den Anspruch, digitale Signalverarbeitungsalgorithmen besonders effizient zu gestalten. Dies kommt auch dem Wunsch nach einer Echtzeitverarbeitung der großen anfallenden Datenmengen zugute. Die vorliegende Arbeit demonstriert Methoden zum Finden effizienter algebraischer Lösungen fĂŒr eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen mehrkanaliger digitaler Signalverarbeitung. Solche AnsĂ€tze liefern nicht immer unbedingt die bestmögliche Lösung, kommen dieser jedoch hĂ€ufig recht nahe und sind gleichzeitig bedeutend einfacher zu beschreiben und umzusetzen. Die einfache Beschreibungsform ermöglicht eine tiefgehende Analyse ihrer LeistungsfĂ€higkeit, was fĂŒr den Entwurf eines robusten und zuverlĂ€ssigen Systems unabdingbar ist. Die Tatsache, dass sie nur gebrĂ€uchliche algebraische Hilfsmittel benötigen, erlaubt ihre direkte und zĂŒgige Umsetzung und den Test unter realen Bedingungen. Diese Grundidee wird anhand von drei verschiedenen Anwendungsgebieten demonstriert. ZunĂ€chst wird ein semi-algebraisches Framework zur Berechnung der kanonisch polyadischen (CP) Zerlegung mehrdimensionaler Signale vorgestellt. Dabei handelt es sich um ein sehr grundlegendes Werkzeug der multilinearen Algebra mit einem breiten Anwendungsspektrum von Mobilkommunikation ĂŒber Chemie bis zur Bildverarbeitung. Verglichen mit existierenden iterativen Lösungsverfahren bietet das neue Framework die Möglichkeit, den Rechenaufwand und damit die GĂŒte der erzielten Lösung zu steuern. Es ist außerdem weniger anfĂ€llig gegen eine schlechte Konditionierung der Ausgangsdaten. Das zweite Gebiet, das in der Arbeit besprochen wird, ist die unterraumbasierte hochauflösende ParameterschĂ€tzung fĂŒr mehrdimensionale Signale, mit Anwendungsgebieten im RADAR, der Modellierung von Wellenausbreitung, oder bildgebenden Verfahren in der Medizin. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich derartige mehrdimensionale Signale mit Tensoren darstellen lassen. Dies erlaubt eine natĂŒrlichere Beschreibung und eine bessere Ausnutzung ihrer Struktur als das mit Matrizen möglich ist. Basierend auf dieser Idee entwickeln wir eine tensor-basierte SchĂ€tzung des Signalraums, welche genutzt werden kann um beliebige existierende Matrix-basierte Verfahren zu verbessern. Dies wird im Anschluss exemplarisch am Beispiel der ESPRIT-artigen Verfahren gezeigt, fĂŒr die verbesserte Versionen vorgeschlagen werden, die die mehrdimensionale Struktur der Daten (Tensor-ESPRIT), nichzirkulĂ€re Quellsymbole (NC ESPRIT), sowie beides gleichzeitig (NC Tensor-ESPRIT) ausnutzen. Um die endgĂŒltige SchĂ€tzgenauigkeit objektiv einschĂ€tzen zu können wird dann ein Framework fĂŒr die analytische Beschreibung der LeistungsfĂ€higkeit beliebiger ESPRIT-artiger Algorithmen diskutiert. Verglichen mit existierenden analytischen AusdrĂŒcken ist unser Ansatz allgemeiner, da keine Annahmen ĂŒber die statistische Verteilung von Nutzsignal und Rauschen benötigt werden und die Anzahl der zur VerfĂŒgung stehenden SchnappschĂŒsse beliebig klein sein kann. Dies fĂŒhrt auf vereinfachte AusdrĂŒcke fĂŒr den mittleren quadratischen SchĂ€tzfehler, die Schlussfolgerungen ĂŒber die Effizienz der Verfahren unter verschiedenen Bedingungen zulassen. Das dritte Anwendungsgebiet ist der bidirektionale Datenaustausch mit Hilfe von Relay-Stationen. Insbesondere liegt hier der Fokus auf Zwei-Wege-Relaying mit Hilfe von Amplify-and-Forward-Relays mit mehreren Antennen, da dieser Ansatz ein besonders gutes Kosten-Nutzen-VerhĂ€ltnis verspricht. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich die nötige Kanalkenntnis mit einem einfachen algebraischen Tensor-basierten SchĂ€tzverfahren gewinnen lĂ€sst. Außerdem werden Verfahren zum Finden einer gĂŒnstigen Relay-VerstĂ€rkungs-Strategie diskutiert. Bestehende AnsĂ€tze basieren entweder auf komplexen numerischen Optimierungsverfahren oder auf Ad-Hoc-AnsĂ€tzen die keine zufriedenstellende Bitfehlerrate oder Summenrate liefern. Deshalb schlagen wir algebraische AnsĂ€tze zum Finden der RelayverstĂ€rkungsmatrix vor, die von relevanten Systemmetriken inspiriert sind und doch einfach zu berechnen sind. Wir zeigen das algebraische ANOMAX-Verfahren zum Erreichen einer niedrigen Bitfehlerrate und seine Modifikation RR-ANOMAX zum Erreichen einer hohen Summenrate. FĂŒr den Spezialfall, in dem die EndgerĂ€te nur eine Antenne verwenden, leiten wir eine semi-algebraische Lösung zum Finden der Summenraten-optimalen Strategie (RAGES) her. Anhand von numerischen Simulationen wird die LeistungsfĂ€higkeit dieser Verfahren bezĂŒglich Bitfehlerrate und erreichbarer Datenrate bewertet und ihre EffektivitĂ€t gezeigt.Modern society is undergoing a fundamental change in the way we interact with technology. More and more devices are becoming "smart" by gaining advanced computation capabilities and communication interfaces, from household appliances over transportation systems to large-scale networks like the power grid. Recording, processing, and exchanging digital information is thus becoming increasingly important. As a growing share of devices is nowadays mobile and hence battery-powered, a particular interest in efficient digital signal processing techniques emerges. This thesis contributes to this goal by demonstrating methods for finding efficient algebraic solutions to various applications of multi-channel digital signal processing. These may not always result in the best possible system performance. However, they often come close while being significantly simpler to describe and to implement. The simpler description facilitates a thorough analysis of their performance which is crucial to design robust and reliable systems. The fact that they rely on standard algebraic methods only allows their rapid implementation and test under real-world conditions. We demonstrate this concept in three different application areas. First, we present a semi-algebraic framework to compute the Canonical Polyadic (CP) decompositions of multidimensional signals, a very fundamental tool in multilinear algebra with applications ranging from chemistry over communications to image compression. Compared to state-of-the art iterative solutions, our framework offers a flexible control of the complexity-accuracy trade-off and is less sensitive to badly conditioned data. The second application area is multidimensional subspace-based high-resolution parameter estimation with applications in RADAR, wave propagation modeling, or biomedical imaging. We demonstrate that multidimensional signals can be represented by tensors, providing a convenient description and allowing to exploit the multidimensional structure in a better way than using matrices only. Based on this idea, we introduce the tensor-based subspace estimate which can be applied to enhance existing matrix-based parameter estimation schemes significantly. We demonstrate the enhancements by choosing the family of ESPRIT-type algorithms as an example and introducing enhanced versions that exploit the multidimensional structure (Tensor-ESPRIT), non-circular source amplitudes (NC ESPRIT), and both jointly (NC Tensor-ESPRIT). To objectively judge the resulting estimation accuracy, we derive a framework for the analytical performance assessment of arbitrary ESPRIT-type algorithms by virtue of an asymptotical first order perturbation expansion. Our results are more general than existing analytical results since we do not need any assumptions about the distribution of the desired signal and the noise and we do not require the number of samples to be large. At the end, we obtain simplified expressions for the mean square estimation error that provide insights into efficiency of the methods under various conditions. The third application area is bidirectional relay-assisted communications. Due to its particularly low complexity and its efficient use of the radio resources we choose two-way relaying with a MIMO amplify and forward relay. We demonstrate that the required channel knowledge can be obtained by a simple algebraic tensor-based channel estimation scheme. We also discuss the design of the relay amplification matrix in such a setting. Existing approaches are either based on complicated numerical optimization procedures or on ad-hoc solutions that to not perform well in terms of the bit error rate or the sum-rate. Therefore, we propose algebraic solutions that are inspired by these performance metrics and therefore perform well while being easy to compute. For the MIMO case, we introduce the algebraic norm maximizing (ANOMAX) scheme, which achieves a very low bit error rate, and its extension Rank-Restored ANOMAX (RR-ANOMAX) that achieves a sum-rate close to an upper bound. Moreover, for the special case of single antenna terminals we derive the semi-algebraic RAGES scheme which finds the sum-rate optimal relay amplification matrix based on generalized eigenvectors. Numerical simulations evaluate the resulting system performance in terms of bit error rate and system sum rate which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed algebraic solutions

    Mediation Analysis with Graph Mediator

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    This study introduces a mediation analysis framework when the mediator is a graph. A Gaussian covariance graph model is assumed for graph representation. Causal estimands and assumptions are discussed under this representation. With a covariance matrix as the mediator, parametric mediation models are imposed based on matrix decomposition. Assuming Gaussian random errors, likelihood-based estimators are introduced to simultaneously identify the decomposition and causal parameters. An efficient computational algorithm is proposed and asymptotic properties of the estimators are investigated. Via simulation studies, the performance of the proposed approach is evaluated. Applying to a resting-state fMRI study, a brain network is identified within which functional connectivity mediates the sex difference in the performance of a motor task
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