Is current 6TO4 relay deployment adequate?

6to4 is a mechanism for providing IPv6 connectivity where native IPv6 is still unavailable. 6to4 is based on relay routers deployment. The anycast technique is used to address relays, and each relay’s advertisement may be seen globally or only within a limited scope. The number of available relays is important to this mechanism’s robustness, as well as their geographic location. Due to the details of the mechanism, limited scope relays are not easy to find, despite the fact their location and existence is key to evaluate suitability of current deployment

Μετάβαση από το IPv4 στο IPv6

Με τη παρούσα εργασία γίνεται μια προσπάθεια προσέγγισης σε θέματα που άπτονται τη μετάβαση από το IPv4 στο IPv6. Αρχικά γίνεται μια αναφορά στα στοιχεία εκείνα που κάνουν επιτακτική ανάγκη την μετάβαση από το ένα πρωτόκολλο στο άλλο κάνοντας σχετικές αναφορές στα δύο πρωτόκολλα.Στη συνέχεια γίνεται μια ανάλυση της δομής αλλά και της λειτουργίας του πρωτοκόλλου IPv6.Γίνεται εκτενής αναφορά στη δομή μιας διευθυνσης IPv6 και αναλύνται όλα τα χαρακτηριστικά της.Στη συνέχεια και στο κεφάλαιο 3 αναλύονται οι μηχανισμοί που θα οδηγήσουν μια ασφαλή μεταφορά από το ένα πρωτόκολλο στο άλλο.Τ'ελος στα κεφάλαια 4 και 5 γίνεται αναφορά στα θέματα ασφάλειας του IPv6 πρωτοκόλλουΤhis present work aims to approach issues related to the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. First Of all there is a a reference to the elements that make imperative the transition from one protocol to another by making references tothese protocolls.After there is an analysis of the structure and operation of the IPv6 protocol.It is being an extensive reference and analization to the structure of an IPv6 address. In Chapter 3 we examine the mechanisms that will lead to a safe transfer from one protocolto another.Finally,in the chapters 4 and 5 there are references related to safety issues about IPv6 protocol

Understading Multiple Origin AS Conflicts

Internet routing problems are often difficult to detect and diagnose because one address prefix can be originated by multiple ASes. There is, however, no comprehensive analysis on the causes of Multiple Origin AS (MOAS) conflicts. In this paper, we study the characteristics of MOAS conflicts and compare them with those from 10 years ago. We also provide an in-depth examination of four MOAS causes--IXP, anycast, false origin AS, and origin-AS transition. Furthermore, we propose two heuristics to identify MOAS conflicts caused by false origin ASes and origin-AS transitions. The findings from our study and proposed heuristics can help us design effective mechanisms to distinguish legitimate MOAS conflicts from illegitimate ones, thus improving the reliability and security of Internet routing

Development of a Graduate Course on the Transition to Internet Protocol Version 6

Internet and mobile connectivity has grown tremendously in the last few decades, creating an ever increasing demand for Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. The pool of Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) addresses, once assumed to be more than sufficient for every person on this planet, has reached its final stages of depletion. With The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority’s (IANA) global pools depleted, and four of the five Regional Internet Registries (RIR) pools down to the their last /8 block, the remaining addresses will not last very long. In order to ensure continuous growth of the internet in the foreseeable future, we would need a newer internet protocol, with a much larger address space. Specifically, with that goal in mind the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) was designed about two decades ago. Over the years it has matured, and has proven that it could eventually replace the existing IPv4. This thesis presents the development a graduate level course on the transition to IPv6. The course makes an attempt at understanding how the new IPv6 protocol is different than the currently used IPv4 protocol. And also tries to emphasize on the options existing to facilitate a smooth transition of production networks from IPv4 to IPv6

Analysis of IPV6 Transition Technologies

Currently IPv6 is extremely popular with companies, organizations and Internet service providers (ISP) due to the limitations of IPv4. In order to prevent an abrupt change from IPv4 to IPv6, three mechanisms will be used to provide a smooth transition from IPv4 to IPv6 with minimum effect on the network. These mechanisms are Dual-Stack, Tunnel and Translation. This research will shed the light on IPv4 and IPv6 and assess the automatic and manual transition strategies of the IPv6 by comparing their performances in order to show how the transition strategy affects network behaviour. The experiment will be executed using OPNET Modeler that simulates a network containing a Wide Area Network (WAN), a Local Area Network (LAN), hosts and servers. The results will be presented in graphs and tables, with further explanation. The experiment will use different measurements such as throughput, latency (delay), queuing delay, and TCP delay.Comment: pages 19-38, Online link: http://airccse.org/journal/cnc/6514cnc02.pd

IPv6 : prospects and problems : a technical and management investigation into the deployment of IPv6

Masteroppgave i informasjons- og kommunikasjonsteknologi 2003 - Høgskolen i Agder, GrimstadIPv4 has been used for over twenty years, and will most likely be used in many years ahead. However, we are now experiencing that the IPv4 address space is running out, resulting in restrictions on who will be able to get these types of addresses assigned to them. Methods such as Network Address Translator (NAT) have been developed and implemented in order to save the IPv4 address space. It is said that this is not a good enough solution, as such techniques introduce new problems at the same time solving some. A new version of the Internet Protocol, IPv6, has been developed and is likely to replace IPv4. IPv6 has been developed to solve the address problem, but also new features are designed to supposedly enhance network traffic. In our thesis we give an overview of the problems with IPv4. This includes the limited address space and the limited quality of service. Further we present the features of IPv6 that are meant to solve these problems and add new possibilities. These are: New address format, the IPv6 header and Extension headers to mention some. Further we have investigated and here present how the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is expected to take place, followed by a thorough description of the transition mechanisms. One of the original intentions on the development of IPv6 was that IPv4 and IPv6 have to be able to coexist for a long period of time. Transition mechanisms have therefore been designed to make this possible. There are three main types of mechanisms: - Tunnelling - Translation - Dual-stack. Each of these mechanisms requires different configuration and implementations in hosts and network. Technical research on transition mechanisms states that these are not good enough for all IPv6/IPv4 scenarios and need improvements in order to make IPv4 and IPv6 coexist smoothly. There are a lot of transition mechanisms that are agreed upon as being good for general use and then there are transition mechanisms that are good for certain scenarios and not for others. Some scenarios still lack a good translation mechanism. As a result of this, IPv6 networks are being built separately from IPv4 networks. In Asia commercial IPv6 networks are offered, while the process is slower in other parts of the world. The reasons for not building IPv6 networks are many, and not agreed upon. Some believe it is because of economical restrictions, while others claim it is technical reasons and that it exists far too few applications supporting IPv6. The number of IPv6 enabled applications is growing. Large companies like; Microsoft Corporation, Cisco Systems Inc, Apple Computers Inc., Sun Microsystems Inc and various versions of Linux include support for IPv6. The deployment of IPv6 is expected to happen at different times in different parts of the world. We have investigated the status of IPv6 globally and in Norway. The main results are that the roll-out has reached the furthest in Asia where commercial IPv6 networks already are offered. The activity in Norway is still small, but growing. It was desired to run an experiment in order to prove or disprove some of the information we gathered on how IPv6 interoperates with IPv4, but because of limitations in the network at Heriot-Watt University we were not able to do this. Instead we have focused on a project by Telenor R&D; “IPv6 migration of unmanaged networks-The Tromsø IPv6 Pilot”. We also gathered some information from people working at Norwegian ISPs in order to address some of the aspects of the upgrading

Migration to a New Internet Protocol in Operator Network

This thesis explains the differences between IPv4 and IPv6. Another important part of the thesis is to review the current readiness of IPv6 for worldwide production use. The status (in terms of readiness, adaptability, compatibility and co-existence) of IPv6 in TeliaSonera is discussed in more detail. The most important reason for migrating to IPv6 is the address exhaustion of IPv4. This may not be a big problem in the developed countries but in developing countries the growth of Internet is fast and lots of more addresses are needed. The need for addresses is not only from computers but from many devices connected to the Internet. Attempts to slow down the exhaustion of free addresses have been made but current solutions are not enough. IPv6 will solve the problem by using much longer addresses. It will also add security features and simplify headers to speed up routing. TeliaSonera has started to roll out IPv6 services. At the beginning the corporate customers will receive IPv6 connectivity and consumers will follow later. TeliaSonera International Carrier is already serving its customers with IPv6. It seems that IPv6 is ready, standards have been ready for years and support in devices and software is prevalent. To achieve and keep up the global connectivity, IPv6 is a must and should not be avoided

Implementation of IPv6

On 14 September 2012 last block of IPv4 has been allocated from the Regional Internet Register (RIR) across the Europe, Middle East and Asia. In addition, the demand of further addresses, security and efficient routing across Internet has been increasing every day. Hence, to provide the abundant IP addresses and also to overcome the shortcoming of IPv4, IETF developed a new protocol IPv6. IPv6 overcome the limitations of IPv4 and integrate advance feature. These advanced improvements include larger address space, more efficient addressing and routing, auto-configuration, security, and QOS. The main objective of this project was to implement IPv6 network in Cisco laboratory of Rovaniemi University of Applied Sciences (RAMK). Cisco 2800 and 1700 Series routers, 3500 series Cisco Catalyst Switches, Microsoft Server 2012, Windows 7, Windows 8 and finally Mac OS X were used during implementation process. This project covers the implementation of IPv6, DHCPv6, DNS, Routing Protocols EIGRP, and Security. The goal of the project was to implement IPv6 to existing IPv4 network without affecting the running services. Furthermore, this project was implementation in Local Area Network (LAN) only

IPv6: a new security challenge

Tese de mestrado em Segurança Informática, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2011O Protocolo de Internet versão 6 (IPv6) foi desenvolvido com o intuito de resolver alguns dos problemas não endereçados pelo seu antecessor, o Protocolo de Internet versão 4 (IPv4), nomeadamente questões relacionadas com segurança e com o espaço de endereçamento disponível. São muitos os que na última década têm desenvolvido estudos sobre os investimentos necessários à sua adoção e sobre qual o momento certo para que o mesmo seja adotado por todos os players no mercado. Recentemente, o problema da extinção de endereçamentos públicos a ser disponibilizado pelas diversas Region Internet registry – RIRs - despertou o conjunto de entidades envolvidas para que se agilizasse o processo de migração do IPv4 para o IPv6. Ao contrário do IPv4, esta nova versão considera a segurança como um objetivo fundamental na sua implementação, nesse sentido é recomendado o uso do protocolo IPsec ao nível da camada de rede. No entanto, e devido à imaturidade do protocolo e à complexidade que este período de transição comporta, existem inúmeras implicações de segurança que devem ser consideradas neste período de migração. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é definir um conjunto de boas práticas no âmbito da segurança na implementação do IPv6 que possa ser utilizado pelos administradores de redes de dados e pelas equipas de segurança dos diversos players no mercado. Nesta fase de transição, é de todo útil e conveniente contribuir de forma eficiente na interpretação dos pontos fortes deste novo protocolo assim como nas vulnerabilidades a ele associadas.IPv6 was developed to address the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses, but has not yet seen global deployment. Recent trends are now finally changing this picture and IPv6 is expected to take off soon. Contrary to the original, this new version of the Internet Protocol has security as a design goal, for example with its mandatory support for network layer security. However, due to the immaturity of the protocol and the complexity of the transition period, there are several security implications that have to be considered when deploying IPv6. In this project, our goal is to define a set of best practices for IPv6 Security that could be used by IT staff and network administrators within an Internet Service Provider. To this end, an assessment of some of the available security techniques for IPv6 will be made by means of a set of laboratory experiments using real equipment from an Internet Service Provider in Portugal. As the transition for IPv6 seems inevitable this work can help ISPs in understanding the threats that exist in IPv6 networks and some of the prophylactic measures available, by offering recommendations to protect internal as well as customers’ networks