7 research outputs found

    Characteristics of Upward Lightning Flashes

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    In addition to the general aims of lightning research such as lightning physics and meteorology, the study of upward lightning is of particular importance in protection of tall objects such as wind turbines and telecommunication towers. It also helps us in better understanding the lightning initiation process and its role in the earth- atmosphere electrical balance. Within this context, this thesis presents an analysis on various aspects of upward lightning discharge (negative, positive, bipolar) using experimental observation and theoretical modeling for better understanding of its initial stage, the propagation of its electromagnetic field along irregular terrain and its interaction with the ionosphere. Our investigation on the superimposed impulsive components of the initial stage of upward negative flashes revealed that they can transfer net negative charges to ground by both M-component and return stroke modes of charge transfer, which can be distinguished by their associated electric field signature. Moreover, we investigated the ability of Lightning Location Systems (LLSs) to locate and detect upward negative flashes. Different aspects of upward negative flashes which might affect the evaluation performance of LLSs were discussed. It is found that LLSs tend to overestimate the peak current values of RS pulses of upward negative flashes. Using full-wave numerical simulation, it is demonstrated that this overestimation is mainly due to electric field enhancement by wave propagation along mountainous terrain around S盲ntis Tower. Using simultaneous channel-base current and electric field records of upward positive flashes, we observed that two types of pulsations can be distinguished during the course of progression of upward negative leaders which are very similar to 驴Classical PBPs驴 and 驴Narrow PBPs驴 of the initial stage of downward negative leaders suggesting a general similarity between upward and downward negative leaders. We present and discuss current waveforms associated with 13 bipolar flashes recorded at the S盲ntis Tower during the period from June 2010 to January 2015. We have found two flashes of our data base each characterized by a sequence of two upward leaders of opposite polarity within the same flash, a scenario that has never been reported from previous observations at instrumented towers. The obtained results suggest that the traditional classification of bipolar flashes should be revisited. We present simultaneous channel-base current and wideband electric field waveforms at 380 km distance from the strike point associated with upward flashes initiated from the S盲ntis Tower. The dataset presented in this study represents, to the best of the Author驴s knowledge, the first simultaneous records of lightning currents and distant fields associated with natural upward flashes featuring ionospheric reflections. The data are used to infer the characteristics of the ionospheric layers. We present a full-wave 2D FDTD analysis of the field propagation including the effect of the ionospheric reflections and the results are compared with the experimental data. Furthermore, we present a novel semi-analytical simplified approach based on the ray tracing concept to estimate radiated electric fields associated with lightning return strokes, taking into account ionospheric reflections

    Analysis of lightning outliers in the EUCLID network

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    Int茅gration du syst猫me de mesure de foudre au S盲ntis avec un capteur de champ 茅lectrique install茅 par la HES-SO Valais

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    Ce projet a pour but d鈥檌nt茅grer un capteur de champ 茅lectrostatique 脿 l鈥檌nstallation de mesure de signaux de foudre en op茅ration au Mont S盲ntis. Cette installation, con莽ue 脿 des fins de recherche, pourra aussi servir d鈥檕util d鈥檃lerte pour orage imminent

    Investigaci贸n de las estructuras el茅ctricas y l铆deres de rayos en tormentas : aportaciones a las condiciones de inicio de rayos gamma terrestres

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    Tesi per compendi de publicacions.This thesis presents a characterization of the charge structures of thunderstorms and lightning leader development, and their relationship with the emissions of terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs). The results include a detailed view of thundercloud charge distributions, their altitude range and life cycle evolution. The altitude of charge centers and the identification of complex charge structures have also been included. Additionally, the developments of the lightning leaders, their altitudes of initiation, polarities, and spatial and temporal characteristics across different seasons are studied by analyzing the lightning leader signature from a Lightning Mapping Array (LMA), which was installed also for the first time in the tropics during this work. According to the characterization of charge structures, a lightning leader model is developed. The main goal of the model is to analyze the potential and the electric field stress expected during lightning discharge simulations. In addition, simulations about TGF emissions obtained from particle interactions have been included. In this case, the LEPTRACK program is used along with the main results of the leader model in order to analyze the electrical conditions favorable for TGF production. Finally, an overview of the experimental and field work carried out during this thesis is summarized. Ali the specialized instruments for lightning and thunderstorm measurements installed in the Colombia are detailed as well. The organization of this thesis is as follows: Chapter 1 contains the introduction addressing the state of the art of the main topic. Chapter 2 describes all the fieldwork undertaken during this thesis. Chapter 3 includes the content of the papers used for this thesis, and summarizes the main results and the conclusions of them. Chapter 4 shows the developed lightning leader model and the main results of the TGF simulations. Finally, chapter 5 presents the overall conclusions and forthcoming work.Este trabajo de investigaci贸n presenta la caracterizaci贸n de estructuras el茅ctricas y l铆deres de rayos en tormentas y su relaci贸n con inicios de rayos gamma terrestres (TGFs). La investigaci贸n aporta informaci贸n detallada de distribuciones de carga el茅ctrica, sus l铆mites espaciales, desarrollo vertical, evoluci贸n durante su ciclo de vida e identificaci贸n de centros carga y distribuciones de carga complejas. Adicionalmente, mediante el an谩lisis morfol贸gico de l铆deres de rayos, se ha desarrollado una caracterizaci贸n de alturas de inicio, trayectorias, direcciones de propagaci贸n al igual que identificaci贸n de polaridades y an谩lisis de variabilidad temporal y espacial. Toda la caracterizaci贸n mencionada fue derivada de mediciones del sistema de alta precisi贸n de detecci贸n de tormentas el茅ctricas Lightning Mapping Array, el cual por primera vez se instal贸 en regiones tropicales durante el desarrollo de esta investigaci贸n. A partir de los resultados experimentales, caracterizaci贸n de l铆deres y de estructuras de carga, se elabor贸 un modelo simplificado de l铆deres de rayos que aproxime las condiciones de potenciales y campos el茅ctricos durante propagaci贸n de descargas. Como resultado del modelo fue posible obtener distribuciones de potenciales debido a estructuras el茅ctricas y bajo la interacci贸n de l铆deres. Adicionalmente, mediante la integraci贸n de los resultados del modelo de l铆der y el programa de simulaci贸n de interacci贸n de part铆culas LEPTRACK , se muestran algunas condiciones el茅ctricas favorables que puedan dar inicio a rayos gammas terrestres (TGFs) debido a procesos de l铆deres de rayos y estructuras el茅ctricas pr贸ximas a las reportadas . Finalmente, en el documento se realiz贸 una recopilaci贸n de todo el trabajo experimental desarrollado que permiti贸 la puesta en marcha de toda una infraestructura altamente especializada para la investigaci贸n de tormentas el茅ctricas en regiones tropicales caso Colombia.Postprint (published version

    Investigaci贸n de las estructuras el茅ctricas y l铆deres de rayos en tormentas : aportaciones a las condiciones de inicio de rayos gamma terrestres

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    This thesis presents a characterization of the charge structures of thunderstorms and lightning leader development, and their relationship with the emissions of terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs). The results include a detailed view of thundercloud charge distributions, their altitude range and life cycle evolution. The altitude of charge centers and the identification of complex charge structures have also been included. Additionally, the developments of the lightning leaders, their altitudes of initiation, polarities, and spatial and temporal characteristics across different seasons are studied by analyzing the lightning leader signature from a Lightning Mapping Array (LMA), which was installed also for the first time in the tropics during this work. According to the characterization of charge structures, a lightning leader model is developed. The main goal of the model is to analyze the potential and the electric field stress expected during lightning discharge simulations. In addition, simulations about TGF emissions obtained from particle interactions have been included. In this case, the LEPTRACK program is used along with the main results of the leader model in order to analyze the electrical conditions favorable for TGF production. Finally, an overview of the experimental and field work carried out during this thesis is summarized. Ali the specialized instruments for lightning and thunderstorm measurements installed in the Colombia are detailed as well. The organization of this thesis is as follows: Chapter 1 contains the introduction addressing the state of the art of the main topic. Chapter 2 describes all the fieldwork undertaken during this thesis. Chapter 3 includes the content of the papers used for this thesis, and summarizes the main results and the conclusions of them. Chapter 4 shows the developed lightning leader model and the main results of the TGF simulations. Finally, chapter 5 presents the overall conclusions and forthcoming work.Este trabajo de investigaci贸n presenta la caracterizaci贸n de estructuras el茅ctricas y l铆deres de rayos en tormentas y su relaci贸n con inicios de rayos gamma terrestres (TGFs). La investigaci贸n aporta informaci贸n detallada de distribuciones de carga el茅ctrica, sus l铆mites espaciales, desarrollo vertical, evoluci贸n durante su ciclo de vida e identificaci贸n de centros carga y distribuciones de carga complejas. Adicionalmente, mediante el an谩lisis morfol贸gico de l铆deres de rayos, se ha desarrollado una caracterizaci贸n de alturas de inicio, trayectorias, direcciones de propagaci贸n al igual que identificaci贸n de polaridades y an谩lisis de variabilidad temporal y espacial. Toda la caracterizaci贸n mencionada fue derivada de mediciones del sistema de alta precisi贸n de detecci贸n de tormentas el茅ctricas Lightning Mapping Array, el cual por primera vez se instal贸 en regiones tropicales durante el desarrollo de esta investigaci贸n. A partir de los resultados experimentales, caracterizaci贸n de l铆deres y de estructuras de carga, se elabor贸 un modelo simplificado de l铆deres de rayos que aproxime las condiciones de potenciales y campos el茅ctricos durante propagaci贸n de descargas. Como resultado del modelo fue posible obtener distribuciones de potenciales debido a estructuras el茅ctricas y bajo la interacci贸n de l铆deres. Adicionalmente, mediante la integraci贸n de los resultados del modelo de l铆der y el programa de simulaci贸n de interacci贸n de part铆culas LEPTRACK , se muestran algunas condiciones el茅ctricas favorables que puedan dar inicio a rayos gammas terrestres (TGFs) debido a procesos de l铆deres de rayos y estructuras el茅ctricas pr贸ximas a las reportadas . Finalmente, en el documento se realiz贸 una recopilaci贸n de todo el trabajo experimental desarrollado que permiti贸 la puesta en marcha de toda una infraestructura altamente especializada para la investigaci贸n de tormentas el茅ctricas en regiones tropicales caso Colombia

    Corona discharges from grounded rods and 337/777 nm emissions of laboratory long sparks

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    Tesi en modalitat de compendi de publicacions, amb menci贸 internacionalThis thesis presents an investigation on the signatures of corona discharges from grounded rods under thunderstorms and in the laboratory, with optical detections in the 337/777 nm wavelengths for high voltage sparks. This PhD project is contextualized in the European program: Science and Innovation with thunderstorms (SAINT), funded by the Horizon 2020 / Marie Sklodowska Curie Action (Grant agreement ID: 722337). Under conditions of electrification, charged clouds produce an enhancement of the electric field at the ground level. That, in turn, can lead to corona discharges that produce a space charge layer in the vicinity of grounded structures. The study of this phenomenon is useful for the understanding of lightning-related processes and attachment. In addition to the electrical current obtained from the discharges, another important variable is the optical signature generated by the plasma channels. Emissions in many spectra lines associated with reactions of streamers and leaders with the main components of the atmosphere are relevant for visual observations. This work presents a chapter for current literature review of the processes associated with lightning and the main concepts applied. Then, a detailed description of the instrumentation available for the tests carried out in the laboratory and in the field is provided. The first article of this compendium presents data obtained with experiments of a grounded rod under high background electric field in the laboratory and the field. A limited number of works in the literature have presented such data. An analysis correlating pulse frequency, electric field level and average wind speed is the main novelty of the article. A congress paper annexed in the thesis complements the findings comparing the discharges observed at two other experimental sites. The second article describes a compilation of results obtained in the laboratory for investigating optical signatures in two specific lines of the spectra (337 nm and 777 nm), the ones with stronger emissions in lightning-like events. There is special relevance of such experiments for supporting satellite-based observations of lightning by the Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM) that perform optical measurements in the same wavelength ranges and the operational lightning imagers such as Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) and the future Meteosat Third Generation Lightning Imager (MTG-LI). The conclusions are presented, together with the prospects for future work following the original results achieved with this PhD. This thesis ends with a detailed description of the dissemination activities (presentation at seminars and conferences, coauthored publications in journals and at conferences) and training activities received throughout this project. Finally, the appendix present additional developments and applications of the sensor developed during this doctorate, comprising experiments performed during a two-month internship at the Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), and one section with results for the use of photometers to determine the initiation of an upward leader. Such experiments are particularly interesting for understanding space charge production and in the validation of lightning rods. The concepts applied to the development of a corona discharge current sensor were patented together with Dena Desarrollos, the company where the investigations were carried out during this doctorate.Esta tesis presenta una investigaci贸n sobre las huellas de descargas de corona en pararrayos durante tormentas el茅ctricas y en el laboratorio, con detecciones 贸pticas en las longitudes de onda de 337/777 nm para descargas de alto voltaje. Este proyecto de doctorado se contextualiza en el programa europeo: Science and Innovation with thunderstorms (SAINT), financiado por la Acci贸n Horizon 2020 / Marie Sklodowska Curie (Acuerdo de subvenci贸n ID: 722337). En condiciones de electrificaci贸n, las nubes cargadas producen un aumento del campo el茅ctrico a nivel del suelo. Eso, a su vez, puede ocasionar descargas de corona que producen una capa de carga espacial en las proximidades de las estructuras conectadas a tierra. El estudio de este fen贸meno es 煤til para comprender los procesos y la conexi贸n de los canales de los rayos. Adem谩s de la corriente el茅ctrica obtenida de las descargas, otra variable importante es la huella 贸ptica (las se帽ales 贸pticas a lo largo del tiempo) generada por los canales de plasma. Las emisiones en muchas l铆neas espectrales asociadas con reacciones de streamers y l铆deres con los componentes principales de la atm贸sfera son relevantes para las observaciones visuales. Este trabajo presenta un cap铆tulo de revisi贸n de la literatura actual sobre los procesos asociados a las descargas atmosf茅ricas y los principales conceptos aplicados. A continuaci贸n, se realiza una descripci贸n detallada de la instrumentaci贸n disponible para las pruebas realizadas en laboratorio y en campo. El primer art铆culo de este compendio presenta datos obtenidos con experimentos de una varilla puesta a tierra sujeta a un campo el茅ctrico de fondo elevado en laboratorio y en campo. Un n煤mero limitado de trabajos en la literatura han presentado dichos datos. Un an谩lisis que correlaciona la frecuencia del pulso, el nivel del campo el茅ctrico y la velocidad media del viento es la principal novedad del art铆culo. Un art铆culo presentado en congreso adjunto a la tesis complementa los resultados y realiza una comparaci贸n de las descargas observadas en otros dos sitios experimentales. El segundo art铆culo presenta una recopilaci贸n de resultados obtenidos en el laboratorio para la investigaci贸n de la huella 贸ptica en dos l铆neas espec铆ficas de los espectros (337 nm y 777 nm), las que tienen emisiones m谩s intensas en los rayos. Existe una relevancia especial de dichos experimentos para respaldar las observaciones de rayos basadas en sat茅lites por el Monitor de Interacciones Atmosfera-Espacio (ASIM) que realiza mediciones 贸pticas en los mismos rangos de longitud de onda y los generadores de im谩genes de rayos operacionales como Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) y el futuro Meteosat Third Generation Lightning Imager (MTG-LI). Se presentan las conclusiones, junto con las perspectivas de trabajo futuro siguiendo los resultados originales alcanzados con este doctorado. Esta tesis finaliza con una descripci贸n detallada de las actividades de difusi贸n (presentaci贸n en seminarios y congresos, publicaciones en coautor铆a en revistas y congresos) y actividades formativas recibidas a lo largo de este proyecto. Finalmente, el ap茅ndice presenta desarrollos y aplicaciones adicionales del sensor desarrollado durante este doctorado, que comprende experimentos realizados durante per铆odo de pr谩cticas de dos meses en la Universidad Tecnol贸gica de Eindhoven (TU/e), y un apartado con resultados para el uso de fot贸metros para determinar la iniciaci贸n de un l铆der ascendente. Estos experimentos son particularmente interesantes para comprender la producci贸n de cargas espaciales y en la validaci贸n de pararrayos. Los conceptos aplicados al desarrollo del sensor de corriente de descarga corona fueron patentados junto con Dena Desarrollos, empresa donde se llevaron a cabo las investigaciones durante este doctorado.Postprint (published version

    T茅cnicas avanzadas para el tratamiento y procesamiento de se帽ales de campos electromagn茅ticos generados por rayos

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    Los rayos son transitorios de alta corriente cuya energ铆a es radiada desde las bajas frecuencias hasta algunos cientos de MHz. Estas descargas el茅ctricas son consideradas como una de las fuentes de perturbaci贸n electromagn茅tica m谩s severas, pueden afectar equipos y sistemas el茅ctricos, electr贸nicos y de comunicaciones y, en caso, extremo pueden causar la muerte de personas y animales. Durante varias d茅cadas, el estudio de los rayos se ha basado en la medici贸n remota de los campos el茅ctricos y magn茅ticos generados durante el proceso de la descarga (LEMF). Estas mediciones se han convertido en una de las herramientas m谩s 煤tiles en la investigaci贸n de los rayos y su estudio ha permitido entender buena parte de los procesos que se desarrollan durante este fen贸meno atmosf茅rico. No obstante, dichos registros de campo el茅ctrico y magn茅tico siempre est谩n distorsionados por ruido y otras componentes indeseadas. Esta situaci贸n afecta la interpretaci贸n de las caracter铆sticas de la forma de onda y dificultan su caracterizaci贸n en el dominio del tiempo y en el dominio de la frecuencia. Esta tesis presenta una discusi贸n sobre un conjunto de nuevas t茅cnicas que facilitan la reducci贸n de ruido y permiten un adecuado an谩lisis tiempo-frecuencia sobre se帽ales de campo el茅ctrico y campo magn茅tico radiadas por los return strokes de flashes nube-tierra (CG). Las t茅cnicas de reducci贸n de ruido se basan en el desarrollo de filtros adaptativos en el dominio de la transformaci贸n de Fourier fraccionaria discreta (DFRFT) y en la combinaci贸n de la aproximaci贸n local polinomial (LPA) con el algoritmo de intersecci贸n de intervalos de confianza (ICI). Por su parte, se propone desarrollar el an谩lisis-tiempo frecuencia usando la transformaci贸n polinomial de Fourier (LPFT), la cual es una representaci贸n tiempo-frecuencia que utiliza en su kernel una funci贸n polinomial para describir las caracter铆sticas de frecuencia instant谩nea (IF) de se帽ales de fase variante en el tiempo. Para facilitar la comprensi贸n de las t茅cnicas propuestas se presenta una revisi贸n te贸rica ilustrando sus propiedades, ventajas y desventajas. As铆 mismo, se proponen un conjunto de algoritmos necesarios para su implementaci贸n computacional, evaluando su complejidad y tiempo de c贸mputo requerido. Los resultados muestran que las t茅cnicas de reducci贸n de ruido basadas en la DFRFT y LPA-ICI tienen mejor desempe帽o y proporcionan mejores resultados que aquellos obtenidos con m茅todos convencionales como la FT, los filtros lineales FIR y varios m茅todos robustos basados en la transformaci贸n de wavelets discreta (DWT), los cuales han sido presentados y validados en otras investigaciones. Por su parte, el estudio revel贸 que la aplicaci贸n de la LPFT sobre las se帽ales de LEMF mejora la concentraci贸n de energ铆a, aumenta la resoluci贸n de los periodogramas y reduce los errores en la estimaci贸n de la IF. Adem谩s, el uso de esta t茅cnica de procesamiento permite identificar componentes adicionales de media frecuencia (a partir de 50 kHz y superior) que no son observadas usando t茅cnicas convencionales como la transformaci贸n de Fourier de corto tiempo (STFT) y la transformaci贸n de wavelets (usada en trabajos previos). Estas bandas de frecuencia, aunque poseen baja energ铆a, son intensificadas al aumentar el orden polinomial. La prueba y validaci贸n las t茅cnicas propuestas fueron realizadas usando registros de campo el茅ctrico y magn茅tico capturados por diferentes sistemas de medici贸n instalados en Colombia (2004, 2013 y 2016) y Sri Lanka (2016). Estas mediciones permitieron analizar el comportamiento de 509 flashes CG y caracterizar los par谩metros temporales y espectrales de 1385 return strokes capturados en el rango de 0 a 250 km. Adicionalmente, a partir de las mediciones y del procesamiento (filtrado y an谩lisis tiempo-frecuencia) de los registros disponibles se realizaron comparaciones con diferentes regiones del mundo. Estas comparaciones mostraron que, aunque Bogot谩 se encuentra localizada en una latitud cerca de la l铆nea del Ecuador, los flashes y los return strokes medidos en la ciudad y sus alrededores exhibe un comportamiento diferente al reportado en las regiones tropicales, subtropicales y templadas. Estas diferencias son m谩s notorias en algunos par谩metros de los flashes CG negativos (porcentaje de flashes con un solo stroke, multiplicidad promedio, duraci贸n del flash e intervalo entre strokes), as铆 como algunos par谩metros de los return strokes (valor m谩ximo del campo el茅ctrico, tiempo de frente, tiempo de cruce por cero y el sobrepico de polaridad opuesta). La variaci贸n de estos par谩metros se puede deber a la localizaci贸n geogr谩fica de Bogot谩 (regi贸n monta帽osa) y sus condiciones clim谩ticas.Abstract: Lightnings are high current transients whose energy is radiated from low frequencies up to several hundred MHz. These discharges are considered one of the most severe sources of electromagnetic disturbances, can affect equipment and electrical, electronic and communications systems, and in extreme case, can cause the death of people and animals. For several decades, the study of lightning has been based on the remote measurement of electric and magnetic fields generated during the discharge process. These measurements have become one of the most useful tools in the investigation of lightnings and their study have allowed to understand a good part of the processes that are developed during this atmospheric phenomenon. However, such electric and magnetic field records are always distorted by noise and other unwanted components. This situation affects the interpretation of the characteristics of the waveform and make it difficult to characterize it in both the time and the frequency domain. This thesis presents a discussion on a set of new techniques that facilitate the reduction of noise and allow an adequate time-frequency analysis on electric field and magnetic field signals radiated by return strokes of cloud-ground (CG) flashes (LEMF). The noise reduction techniques are based on the development of adaptive filters in the discrete fractional Fourier transform (DFRFT) domain and the combination of the local polynomial approximation (LPA) with the intersection of confidence intervals (ICI) algorithm. On the other hand, it is proposed the frequency-time analysis of LEMF signals using the local polynomial Fourier transform (LPFT), which is a time-frequency representation that uses a polynomial function in its kernel to describe the instantaneous frequency (IF) characteristics of time-varying phase signals. To facilitate the understanding of the proposed techniques, a theoretical review is presented illustrating its properties, advantages and disadvantages. In addition, a set of algorithms necessary for its computational implementation is proposed, evaluating its complexity and computational costs. The results show that noise reduction techniques based on DFRFT and LPA-ICI perform better and provide better results than those obtained with conventional methods such as FT, FIR linear filters and several robust methods based on the discrete wavelets transform (DWT), which have been presented and validated in other investigations. The study also revealed that the application of LPFT on LEMF signals improves the energy concentration, increases the resolution of periodograms and reduces the errors during the IF estimation. In addition, the use of this signal processing technique allows the identification of additional medium-frequency components (from 50 kHz and above) that are not observed using conventional techniques such as the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and the wavelets transform (used in previous works). These frequency bands, although possessing low energy, are intensified by increasing the polynomial order. The testing and validation of the proposed techniques were performed using electric and magnetic field records captured by different measurement systems installed in Colombia (2004, 2013 and 2016) and Sri Lanka (2016). These measurements allowed to analyze the behavior of 509 CG flashes and to characterize the temporal and spectral parameters of 1385 return strokes captured in the range of 0 to 250 km. In addition, comparisons with different regions of the world were made from the measurements and the processing (filtering and time-frequency analysis) of the available records. These comparisons showed that, although Bogota is located at a latitude near the line of the Equator, the flashes and the return strokes measured in the city and its surroundings exhibit a behavior different from that reported for tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. These differences are more noticeable in some parameters of the negative CG flashes (percentage of flashes with a single stroke, average multiplicity, duration of the flash and interval time between strokes), as well as some parameters of the return strokes (maximum value of the electric field, time front, crossing time by zero and the overlap of opposite polarity). The variation of these parameters largely depends on the geographical location of Bogota (mountainous region) and its climatic conditions.Doctorad
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