2 research outputs found

    Off-line and in-operation optical core networks planning

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    The ever increasing IP traffic volume has finally brought to light the high inefficiency of current wavelength-routed over rigid-grid optical networks in matching the client layer requirements. Such an issue results in the deployment of large-size, expensive and power-consuming Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) layers to perform the required grooming/aggregation functionality. To deal with this problem, the emerging flexgrid technology, allowing for reduced size frequency grids, is being standardized. Flexgrid optical networks divide the spectrum into frequency slots providing finer granularity than rigid networks based on Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM). To find a feasible allocation, new Routing and Spectrum Allocation (RSA) algorithms for flexgrid optical networks need to be designed and evaluated. Furthermore, due to the flexibility of flexible optical networks, the aggregation functions and statistical multiplexing can be partially located in the optical layer. In addition, given the special characteristics of flexible optical networks, the traditional mechanisms for protection and recovery must be reformulated. Optical transport platforms are designed to facilitate the setting up and tearing down of optical connections (lightpaths). Combining remotely configurable optical cross-connects (OXCs) with a control plane provides the capability of automated lightpath set-up for regular provisioning, and real-time reaction to the failures, being thus able to reduce Operational Expenditures (OPEX). However, to exploit existing capacity, increase dynamicity, and provide automation in future networks, current management architectures, utilizing legacy Network Management Systems (NMS) need to be radically transformed. This thesis is devoted to design optical networks and to devise algorithms to operate them. Network design objective consists of: i. Analyzing the cost implications that a set of frequency slot widths have on the Capital Expenditures (CAPEX) investments required to deploy MPLS-over-flexgrid networks; ii. Studying recovery schemes, where a new recovery scheme specifically designed for flexgrid-based optical networks is proposed. As for network operation, we focus on: i. Studying provisioning, where two provisioning algorithms are proposed: the first one targets at solving the RSA problem in flexgrid networks, whereas the second one studies provisioning considering optical impairments in translucent DWDM networks; ii. Getting back to the recovery problem, we focus on algorithms to cope with restoration in dynamic scenarios. Several algorithms are proposed for both single layer and multilayer networks to be deployed in the centralized Path Computation Element (PCE); iii. One of the main problems in flexgrid networks is spectrum defragmentation. In view of that, we propose an algorithm to reallocate already established optical connections so as to make room for incoming requests. This algorithm is extended with elasticity to deal with time-varying traffic. The above algorithms are firstly implemented and validated by using simulation, and finally experimentally assessed in real test-beds. In view of PCE architectures do not facilitate network reconfiguration, we propose a control and management architecture to allow the network to be dynamically operated; network resources can be made available by reconfiguring and/or re-optimizing the network on demand and in real-time. We call that as in-operation network planning. It shall be mentioned that part of the work reported in this thesis has been done within the framework of several European and National projects, namely STRONGEST (FP7-247674), IDEALIST (FP7-ICT-2011-8), and GEANT (FP7-238875) funded by the European Commission, and ENGINE (TEC2008-02634) and ELASTIC (TEC2011-27310) funded by the Spanish Science Ministry.El volumen creciente del tr谩fico IP, finalmente, ha puesto de manifiesto la alta ineficiencia de las redes 贸pticas actuales de grid r铆gido basadas en WDM en la adecuaci贸n a los requisitos de capa de cliente. Dicho problema genera que se deba desplegar una red con capas MPLS de gran tama帽o, costosa y de alto consumo energ茅tico para poder realizar la funcionalidad de agregaci贸n requerida. Para hacer frente a este problema, la tecnolog铆a flexgrid emergente, que permite grids con frecuencias de menor tama帽o, est谩 siendo estandarizada. Las redes 贸pticas flexgrid dividen el espectro en slots de frecuencia, lo que proporciona una granularidad m谩s fina en comparaci贸n a las redes r铆gidas basadas en WDM. Para encontrar una asignaci贸n factible, nuevos algoritmos de enrutamiento y asignaci贸n de espectro (RSA) para redes 贸pticas flexgrid deben ser dise帽ados y evaluados. Adem谩s, debido a la flexibilidad de las redes 贸pticas flexibles, las funciones de agregaci贸n y de multiplexaci贸n estad铆stica pueden ser parcialmente situadas en la capa 贸ptica. Asimismo, dadas las caracter铆sticas especiales de las redes 贸pticas flexibles, los mecanismos tradicionales de protecci贸n y recuperaci贸n deben reformularse. Las plataformas de transporte 贸pticas est谩n dise帽adas para facilitar la creaci贸n y destrucci贸n de conexiones 贸pticas. La combinaci贸n de OXCs configurables remotamente con un plano de control, proporciona la capacidad de crear conexiones autom谩ticamente para el aprovisionamiento habitual, y la reacci贸n en tiempo real a los fallos, para as铆 poder reducir el OPEX. Sin embargo, para aprovechar la capacidad existente, aumentar la dinamicidad y proporcionar automatizaci贸n a las redes del futuro, las arquitecturas actuales de gesti贸n, que utilizan sistemas legados de NMS, necesitan ser transformadas de manera radical. Esta tesis est谩 dedicada al dise帽o de redes 贸pticas y a la creaci贸n de algoritmos para operarlas. El objetivo de dise帽o de red se compone de: 1. El an谩lisis de las implicancias en el costo que tiene un conjunto de slots de frecuencia en el CAPEX necesario para implementar redes MPLS-over-flexgrid; 2. El estudio de esquemas de recuperaci贸n, donde se propone un nuevo esquema de recuperaci贸n dise帽ado espec铆ficamente para las redes 贸pticas basadas en flexgrid. En cuanto a la operaci贸n de la red: 1. El estudio de aprovisionamiento, donde se proponen dos algoritmos de aprovisionamiento: el primero de ellos tiene como objetivo solucionar el problema de RSA en redes flexgrid, mientras que el segundo estudia aprovisionamiento considerando la degradaci贸n 贸ptica en redes WDM transl煤cidas; 2. Volviendo al problema de la recuperaci贸n, nos centramos en algoritmos de restauraci贸n para escenarios din谩micos. Se proponen varios algoritmos, tanto para redes mono-capa como multi-capa, que ser谩n desplegados en un PCE centralizado; 3. Uno de los principales problemas en las redes flexgrid es la desfragmentaci贸n del espectro. Para ello, se propone un algoritmo para reasignar las conexiones 贸pticas ya establecidas con el fin de hacer espacio a las entrantes. Este algoritmo se extiende con elasticidad para ser utilizado en escenarios con tr谩fico variable en el tiempo. Los algoritmos anteriores son primero implementados y validados utilizando simulaci贸n, y finalmente son evaluados experimentalmente en testbeds reales. En vista de que las arquitecturas de PCE no facilitan la reconfiguraci贸n de la red, proponemos una arquitectura de control y gesti贸n para permitir que la red pueda ser operada de forma din谩mica; hacer que los recursos de la red est茅n disponibles mediante reconfiguraci贸n y/o re-optimizaci贸n de la red bajo demanda y en tiempo real. A eso lo llamamos planificaci贸n en operaci贸n de la red. El trabajo presentado en esta tesis se ha realizado en el marco de proyectos europeos y nacionales: STRONGEST (FP7-247674), IDEALIST (FP7-2011-8), y GEANT (FP7-238875) financiados por la CE, y ENGINE (TEC2008-02634) y ELASTIC (TEC2011-27310) financiados por el MINEC

    Aeronautical engineering. A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 127, October 1980

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    A bibliography containing 431 abstracts addressing various topics in aeronautical engineering is given. The coverage includes engineering and theoretical aspects of design. construction, evaluation, testing, operation, and performance of aircraft (including aircraft engines) and associated components, equipment, and systems. It also includes research and development in aerodynamics, aeronautics, and ground support equipment for aeronautical vehicles
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