Issues in Esahie Nominal Morphology: From Inflection to Word-formation

The present study is a documentation-oriented research which aims at exploring the nominal morphology of Esahie, an otherwise unexplored cross-border Kwa language. Essentially, it examines pertinent inflectional and word formation issues in the nominal domain of Esahie such as noun class system, agreement, syncretism, nominalization, and compounding. The overall goal of this thesis is to investigate and provide a comprehensive account of the attested types, structure, formation, and the lexical semantics of nouns and nominalizations in Esahie. This thesis also seeks to understand what the facts about the structure and formation of nouns and nominalizations in Esahie reveal about the nature of the interface between morphology, phonology, syntax, and semantics, and about the architecture of the grammar in general. In interpreting the Esahie data, we ultimately hope to contribute to current theoretical debates by presenting empirical arguments in support of an abstractive, rather than a constructive view of morphology, by arguing that adopting the formalism of Construction Morphology (CxM, see Booij 2010a-d), as an abstractive model, comes with many advantages. We show that the formalism espoused in CxM is able to deal adequately with all the inflectional and word formation issues discussed in this thesis, including the irregular (non-canonical) patterns which are characterized either by cumulative exponence or extra-compositionality. With regards to compounding, this study confirms the view (cf. Appah 2013; 2015; Akrofi-Ansah 2012b; Lawer 2017) that, in Kwa, notwithstanding the word class of the input elements, the output of a compounding operation is always a nominal. This characterization points to a fascinating (mutual) interplay between the word-formation phenomena of compounding and nominalization, since the former operation invariably feeds into the latter. Overall, this thesis shows that nominalization is a prominent word-formation operation in Kwa grammar. Data used in this thesis emanates from several fieldtrips carried out in some Esahie speaking communities in the Western-North region of Ghana, as well as other secondary sources

The Music Sound

A guide for music: compositions, events, forms, genres, groups, history, industry, instruments, language, live music, musicians, songs, musicology, techniques, terminology , theory, music video. Music is a human activity which involves structured and audible sounds, which is used for artistic or aesthetic, entertainment, or ceremonial purposes. The traditional or classical European aspects of music often listed are those elements given primacy in European-influenced classical music: melody, harmony, rhythm, tone color/timbre, and form. A more comprehensive list is given by stating the aspects of sound: pitch, timbre, loudness, and duration. Common terms used to discuss particular pieces include melody, which is a succession of notes heard as some sort of unit; chord, which is a simultaneity of notes heard as some sort of unit; chord progression, which is a succession of chords (simultaneity succession); harmony, which is the relationship between two or more pitches; counterpoint, which is the simultaneity and organization of different melodies; and rhythm, which is the organization of the durational aspects of music