A Reconstruction and Representation System for 3D Digital Archaeological Documentation – A Case Study of Dahecun Archaeological Site in China

[EN] In Dahecun, a famous archaeological site in China, the cultural strata have accumulated up to 12.5 meters, including archaeological remains covering 3,300 years. In order to improve the precision and convenience of archaeological work, a digitally aided 3D archaeological reconstruction and representation system is designed for the support of archaeological work and subsequent research and virtual reconstruction and representation of immediate site information and research output. The system shall benefit archaeologists and researchers as well as the general population with easy access to archaeological information.[ES] En Dahecun, un famoso sitio arqueológico en China, los estratos culturales se han acumulado durante 3.300 años hasta alcanzar los 12,5 metros de altura. Con el fin de mejorar la precisión y la comodidad de los trabajos arqueológicos, ha sido diseñado un sistema digital de representación y reconstrucción arqueológica 3D como herramienta de apoyo de los trabajos arqueológicos y la posterior investigación y representación y reconstrucción virtual de la información del sitio y resultados de la investigación. El sistema beneficiará a arqueólogos e investigadores, así como a la población en general, facilitando el acceso a la información arqueológica.Xiao, J.; Shang, J.; Gao, M.; Zhang, J.; Li, J. (2015). A Reconstruction and Representation System for 3D Digital Archaeological Documentation – A Case Study of Dahecun Archaeological Site in China. Virtual Archaeology Review. 4(8):50-54. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2013.4288OJS505448Zhengzhou Municipal Relics and Archaeology Institute (2001): Zhengzhou Dahecun, Science Press, Beijing. China State Administration of Cultural Heritage (2009): Operationa Specifications for Field Archaeology, Cultural Relics Publishing House, Beijing.BI Shuoben, LV Guonian et al. (2011): "Research Framework and Implementation Procedure of Field Archaeology GIS", in China Association of Science and Technology Annual Youth Sympoisum proceeding.ZHAO Congcang (ed.) (2006): An Introduction to Scientific Archaeology, Higher Education Press, Beijing

Structural review of relics tourism by text mining and machine learning

Purpose: The objective of the paper is to find trends of research in relic tourism-related topics. Specifically, this paper uncovers all published studies having latent issues with the keywords "relic tourism" from the Web of Science database. Methods: A total of 109 published articles (2002-2021) were collected related to "relic tourism." Machine learning tools were applied. Network analysis was used to highlight top researchers in this field, their citations, keyword clusters, and collaborative networks. Text analysis and Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformer (BERT) of artificial intelligence model were used to predict text or keyword-based topic reference in machine learning. Results: All the papers are published basically on three primary keywords such as "!relics," "culture," and "heritage." Secondary keywords like "protection" and "development" also attract researchers to research this topic. The co-author network is highly significant for diverse authors, and geographically researchers from five countries are collaborating more on this topic. Implications: Academically, future research can be predicated with dense keywords. Journals can bring more special issues related to the topic as relic tourism still has some unexplored areas

Revisión de los métodos computerizados para la reconstrucción de fragmentos arqueológicos de cerámica

[ES] Las cerámicas son los hallazgos más numerosos encontrados en las excavaciones arqueológicas; a menudo se usan para obtener información sobre la historia, la economía y el arte de un sitio. Los arqueólogos rara vez encuentran jarrones completos; en general, están dañados y en fragmentos, a menudo mezclados con otros grupos de cerámica.El análisis y la reconstrucción de fragmentos se realiza por un operador experto mediante el uso del método manual tradicional. Los artículos revisados proporcionaron evidencias de que el método tradicional no es reproducible, no es repetible, consume mucho tiempo y sus resultados generan grandes incertidumbres. Con el objetivo de superar los límites anteriores, en los últimos años, los investigadores han realizado esfuerzos para desarrollar métodos informáticos que permitan el análisis de fragmentos arqueológicos de cerámica, todo ello destinado a su reconstrucción. Para contribuir a este campo de estudio, en este artículo, se presenta un análisis exhaustivo de las publicaciones disponibles más importantes hasta finales de 2019. Este estudio, centrado únicamente en fragmentos de cerámica, se realiza mediante la recopilación de artículos en inglés de la base de datos Scopus, utilizando las siguientes palabras clave: "métodos informáticos en arqueología", "arqueología 3D", "reconstrucción 3D", "reconocimiento y reconstrucción automática de características", "restauración de reliquias en forma de cerámica ". La lista se completa con referencias adicionales que se encuentran a través de la lectura de documentos seleccionados. Los 53 trabajos seleccionados se dividen en tres períodos de tiempo. Según una revisión detallada de los estudios realizados, los elementos clave de cada método analizado se enumeran en función de las herramientas de adquisición de datos, las características extraídas, los procesos de clasificación y las técnicas de correspondencia. Finalmente, para superar las brechas reales, se proponen algunas recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones.[EN] Potteries are the most numerous finds found in archaeological excavations; they are often used to get information about the history, economy, and art of a site. Archaeologists rarely find complete vases but, generally, damaged and in fragments, often mixed with other pottery groups. By using the traditional manual method, the analysis and reconstruction of sherds are performed by a skilled operator. Reviewed papers provided evidence that the traditional method is not reproducible, not repeatable, time-consuming and its results have great uncertainties. To overcome the aforementioned limits, in the last years, researchers have made efforts to develop computer-based methods for archaeological ceramic sherds analysis, aimed at their reconstruction. To contribute to this field of study, in this paper, a comprehensive analysis of the most important available publications until the end of 2019 is presented. This study, focused on pottery fragments only, is performed by collecting papers in English by the Scopus database using the following keywords: “computer methods in archaeology", "3D archaeology", "3D reconstruction", "automatic feature recognition and reconstruction", "restoration of pottery shape relics”. The list is completed by additional references found through the reading of selected papers. The 53 selected papers are divided into three periods of time. According to a detailed review of the performed studies, the key elements of each analyzed method are listed based on data acquisition tools, features extracted, classification processes, and matching techniques. Finally, to overcome the actual gaps some recommendations for future researches are proposed.Highlights:The traditional manual method for reassembling sherds is very time-consuming and costly; it also requires a great deal effort from skilled archaeologists in repetitive and routine activities.Computer-based methods for archaeological ceramic sherds reconstruction can help archaeologists in the above-mentioned repetitive and routine activities.In this paper, the state-of-the-art computer-based methods for archaeological ceramic sherds reconstruction are reviewed, and some recommendations for future researches are proposed.Eslami, D.; Di Angelo, L.; Di Stefano, P.; Pane, C. (2020). Review of computer-based methods for archaeological ceramic sherds reconstruction. 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(2014). Axis estimation and grouping of rotationally symmetric object segments. Pattern Recognition, 47(1), 296-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2013.06.022Hlavackova-Schindler, K., Kampel, M., & Sablatnig, R. (2001). Fitting of a Closed Planar Curve Representing a Profile of an Archaeological Fragment. In Proceedings VAST 2001 Virtual Reality, Archeology, and Cultural Heritage, (pp. 263-269). https://doi.org/10.1145/585031.585034Huang, Q. X., Flöry, S., Gelfand, N., Hofer, M., & Pottmann, H. (2006). Reassembling fractured objects by geometric matching. ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers, SIGGRAPH '06, (May), (pp. 569-578). https://doi.org/10.1145/1179352.1141925Igwe, P. C., & Knopf, G. K. (2006). 3D object reconstruction using geometric computing. Geometric Modeling and Imaging New Trends, 9-14. https://doi.org/10.1109/GMAI.2006.1Kalasarinis, I., & Koutsoudis, A. (2019). Assisting pottery restoration procedures with digital technologies. International Journal of Computational Methods in Heritage Science, 3(1), 20-32. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijcmhs.2019010102Kampel, M., & Sablatnig, R. (2003). Profile-based Pottery Reconstruction. In IEEE Proceeding of Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, Wisconsin, June, (pp. 1-6). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPRW.2003.10007Kampel, M, & Mara, H. (2005). Robust 3D reconstruction of archaeological pottery based on concentric circular rills. In Proceedings of the Sixth International. Workshop on Image Analysis for Multimedia Interactive Services (WIAMIS'05), Montreux, Switzerland, (pp. 14-20). Retrieved from https://semanticscholar.org/43df/9b3c6fef5aa54964bdc4825a86cc4e9f4531Kampel, M., & Sablatnig, R. (2003). An automated pottery archival and reconstruction system. Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation, 14(3), 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1002/vis.310Kampel, M., & Sablatnig, R. (2004). 3D Puzzling of Archeological Fragments. In Proceedings of 9th Computer Vision Winter Workshop, (February), (pp. 31-40). Retrieved from https://cvl.tuwien.ac.at/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/cvww041Karasik, A., & Smilansky, U. (2011). Computerized morphological classification of ceramics. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38(10), 2644-2657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.05.023Kashihara, K. (2012). Three-dimensional reconstruction of artifacts based on a hybrid genetic algorithm. In IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, (pp. 900-905). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.2012.6377842Kashihara, K. (2017). An intelligent computer assistance system for artifact restoration based on genetic algorithms with plane image features. International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications, 16(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1469026817500213Kleber, F., & Sablatnig, R. (2009). A survey of techniques for document and archaeology artifact reconstruction. 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In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Graphics and Artificial Intelligence, Limoges, France, May 11-12, 2005, (pp. 135-147). https://semanticscholar.org/3c95/82c3e562b44e7d61dc0fd3487ea3dc977ff3Mara, H., Kampel, M., & Sablatnig, R. (2002). Preprocessing of 3D-Data for Classification of Archaeological Fragments in an Automated System. In Proceedings of the 26th Workshop of the Austrian Association for Pattern Recognition, Vision with Non-Traditional Sensors, (ÖAGM/AAPR), Graz, Austria, 10-11 September 2002, (pp. 257-264). https://doi.org/10.1.1.15.748Mara, H., & Sablatnig, R. (2006). The orientation of fragments of rotationally symmetrical 3D-shapes for archaeological documentation. In Proceedings - Third International Symposium on 3D Data Processing, Visualization, and Transmission, 3DPVT 2006, (June), (pp. 1064-1071). https://doi.org/10.1109/3DPVT.2006.105Melero, F. J., Torres, J. C., & Leon, A. (2003). On the interactive 3d reconstruction of Iberian vessels. 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Color 3D Printing: Theory, Method, and Application

Our research team proposes a colored manufacturing technology with a layer-by-layer printing process. Using digital inkjet printing in layer-by-layer printing color graphics, a further low-cost color 3D Printing (3DP) technology can be developed. It can provide an integrated way to prototype and reproduce 3D objects, from concept to design and manufacturing. Ultimately, with fast graphics printing method, it guarantees a feasible way to further promote cultural and creative products

Virtual Reality-Based Experiential Model for Lost Historic Buildings

Historic buildings have always been facing severe threats of destruction. Historic buildings are the physical links to our past, and help in forming and imprinting a cultural memory within us. However, when a building gets totally destroyed, the resources available to learn about the past are very limited. The archaeological relics, photographs, sketches, textural records, etc. fail to create a complete picture of the lost structure in our mind due to their unorganized nature and lack of possibility to explore in and around the building. Virtual reality (VR) is an interactive technology that allows people to virtually walk inside built environments using digital tools, and enables us to experience them on a human scale. Virtual heritage (VH) applications have been a popular research area among the Architects, Archaeologists and Historians for more than two decades. Virtual heritage projects, excluding projects developed in the entertainment industry, are predominantly developed by researchers and academicians. These virtual heritage projects mainly focus on either the ‘Process’ (3D reconstruction mechanism) or the ‘Products’ (Virtual Reality systems) but do not consider the end-users, i.e. the ‘People’ going to use the system. Humans are cultural organisms and their cultural and demographical aspects differ from each other and hence the cultural interpretation, perception and reaction are subjective. Different cultural environment poses different meanings to different people. Hence, it is crucial to identify what end-users’ interests are in a virtual heritage environment in order to effectively educate about the past. This research attempts to investigate the experiences of users when a first-person Virtual Reality-based model of a lost building is presented to the visitors of the museum. the entertainment industry, are predominantly developed by researchers and academicians. These virtual heritage projects mainly focus on either the ‘Process’ (3D reconstruction mechanism) or the ‘Products’ (Virtual Reality systems) but do not consider the end-users, i.e. the ‘People’ going to use it. Humans are cultural organisms and their cultural and demographical aspects differ from each other and hence the cultural interpretation, perception and reaction are subjective. Different cultural environment poses different meanings to different people. Hence, it is crucial to identify what end-users’ interests are in a virtual heritage environment in order to effectively educate about the past. This research attempts to investigate the experiences of users when a first-person Virtual Reality-based model of a lost building is presented to the visitors of the museum

Knowledge Graph Analysis of Internal Control Field in Colleges

Knowledge graph is a new method to describe concepts, instances and their relationships in the objective world. In recent years, it has attracted people\u27s wide attention. Knowledge graph can effectively expand the breadth of search results. At present, in the field of internal control of colleges and universities, the key word search technology is mainly used to retrieve relevant knowledge content. It is difficult to retrieve information by using the relation between objects. Therefore, this paper first proposes a knowledge graph construction method for internal control in universities, through which the knowledge graph of internal control policy in universities can be constructed. Then, this paper proposes a knowledge inference method based on inference rules, which USES the knowledge hidden in the knowledge graph of internal control policy to realize intelligent data retrieval. Finally, the CiteSpace software is used to realize the visualization display in the field of internal control in universities and realize the construction of internal control knowledge graph and visualization research. The system can effectively utilize the relationship between knowledge objects of internal control and give full play to the value of information resources of internal control

Optimising additive manufacturing for fine art sculpture and digital restoration of archaeological artefacts

Additive manufacturing (AM) has shown itself to be beneficial in many application areas, including product design and manufacture, medical models and prosthetics, architectural modelling and artistic endeavours. For some of these applications, coupling AM with reverse engineering (RE) enables the utilisation of data from existing 3D shapes. This thesis describes the application of AM and RE within sculpture manufacture, in order to optimise the process chains for sculpture reproduction and relic conservation and restoration. This area poses particular problems since the original artefacts can often be fragile and inaccessible, and the finishing required on the AM replicas is both complex and varied. Several case studies within both literature and practical projects are presented, which cover essential knowledge of producing large scale sculptures from an original models as well as a wide range of artefact shapes and downstream finishing techniques. The combination of digital technologies and traditional art requires interdisciplinary knowledge across engineering and fine art. Also, definitions and requirements (e.g. ‘accuracy’), can be applied as both engineering and artistic terms when specifications and trade-offs are being considered. The thesis discusses the feasibility for using these technologies across domains, and explores the potential for developing new market opportunities for AM. It presents and analyses a number of case study projects undertaken by the author with a view to developing cost and time models for various processes used. These models have then been used to develop a series of "process maps", which enable users of AM in this area to decide upon the optimum process route to follow, under various circumstances. The maps were validated and user feedback obtained through the execution of two further sculpture manufacturing projects. The thesis finishes with conclusions about the feasibility of the approach, its constraints, the pros and cons of adopting AM in this area and recommendations for future research

Unearthing Patterns in Venetian History: Developing an Online Tool for Discovering Patterns in Subterranean Archaeological Sites

Archaeologists in Venice would benefit from digital tools to improve their efficiency in data collection, visualization, and correlation. To aid in archaeological research, we developed a three-part prototype system, consisting of a web app, online database, and a map-based website, for the archaeological firm Studio Zandinella. The first aspect of the project was an online database that allows archaeologists to store and visualize archaeological data. The second part of the system was a data collecting system that records information on the database. The third part of the system was a map-based website that visualizes the contents of the database. These tools will allow Venetian archaeologists to better conduct research and find patterns of data across archaeological sites in Venice

Terahertz Technology and Its Applications

The Terahertz frequency range (0.1 – 10)THz has demonstrated to provide many opportunities in prominent research fields such as high-speed communications, biomedicine, sensing, and imaging. This spectral range, lying between electronics and photonics, has been historically known as “terahertz gap” because of the lack of experimental as well as fabrication technologies. However, many efforts are now being carried out worldwide in order improve technology working at this frequency range. This book represents a mechanism to highlight some of the work being done within this range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The topics covered include non-destructive testing, teraherz imaging and sensing, among others