Wind Power Integration into Power Systems: Stability and Control Aspects

Power network operators are rapidly incorporating wind power generation into their power grids to meet the widely accepted carbon neutrality targets and facilitate the transition from conventional fossil-fuel energy sources to clean and low-carbon renewable energy sources. Complex stability issues, such as frequency, voltage, and oscillatory instability, are frequently reported in the power grids of many countries and regions (e.g., Germany, Denmark, Ireland, and South Australia) due to the substantially increased wind power generation. Control techniques, such as virtual/emulated inertia and damping controls, could be developed to address these stability issues, and additional devices, such as energy storage systems, can also be deployed to mitigate the adverse impact of high wind power generation on various system stability problems. Moreover, other wind power integration aspects, such as capacity planning and the short- and long-term forecasting of wind power generation, also require careful attention to ensure grid security and reliability. This book includes fourteen novel research articles published in this Energies Special Issue on Wind Power Integration into Power Systems: Stability and Control Aspects, with topics ranging from stability and control to system capacity planning and forecasting

Identification of Forced Oscillation Sources in Wind Farms using E-SINDy

The rapid growth of wind power generation has led to increased interest in understanding and mitigating the adverse effects of wind turbine wakes and forced oscillations in wind farms. In this paper, we model a wind farm consisting of three wind turbines connected to a distribution system. Forced oscillations due to wind shear and tower shadow are injected into the system. If these oscillations are unchecked, they could pose a severe threat to the operation of the system and damage to the equipment. Identifying the source and frequency of forced oscillations in wind farms from measurement data is challenging. Thus, we propose a data-driven approach that discovers the underlying equations governing a nonlinear dynamical system from measured data using the Ensemble-Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics (E-SINDy) method. The results suggest that E-SINDy is a valuable tool for identifying sources of forced oscillations in wind farms and could facilitate the development of suitable control strategies to mitigate their negative impacts

Large Grid-Connected Wind Turbines

This book covers the technological progress and developments of a large-scale wind energy conversion system along with its future trends, with each chapter constituting a contribution by a different leader in the wind energy arena. Recent developments in wind energy conversion systems, system optimization, stability augmentation, power smoothing, and many other fascinating topics are included in this book. Chapters are supported through modeling, control, and simulation analysis. This book contains both technical and review articles

Análise de ressonância em sistemas de potência com parques eólicos baseados em GIDA

Orientador: Walmir de Freitas FilhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de ComputaçãoResumo: O incremento da penetracao de parques eolicos (PE) baseados em geradores de inducao duplamente alimentados (GIDA) no sistema de potencia eletrica pode trazer problemas de qualidade de energia relacionados com ressonancia de alta frequencia no intervalo de 180 Hz e 1500 Hz. Dois problemas potenciais sao analisados: Ressonancia instavel pela carateristica de amortecimento negativo dos conversores tipo fonte de tensao (VSC); e ressonancias mal amortecidas pela excitacao de componentes de distorcao de tensao na rede proximos a 5...., 7...., 11.... e 13.... harmonicas. Estas ressonancias sao estudadas com numerosas simulacoes de transitorios eletromagneticos (TEM) ja que levam em conta as carateristicas dinamicas do circuito mas com alto nivel de detalhe e custo computacional. Este documento apresenta o desenvolvimento de metodos simplificados para estudar as ressonancias. Inicialmente, esta dissertacao confirma que em frequencias entre 180 Hz e 1500 Hz, o GIDA pode-se modelar como uma impedancia linear com o modelo average dos VSCs. Posteriormente, desenvolve-se um grafico para identificar rapidamente se um parque eolico vira instavel. Este grafico estabelece uma regiao de risco: se as caracteristicas do parque eolico e da rede (relacao de curto circuito e relacao de potencia compensacao reativa) estao localizadas dentro desta regiao, o parque pode virar instavel. Este problema pode-se mitigar com uma escolha adequada de parametros de controle, e por tanto, nao deveria representar um problema geral para o operador de rede. Mesmo assim, a ressonancia mal amortecida pode ocorrer e deve-se considerar ao operar e projetar PEs baseados em GIDA. Dois graficos adicionais sao propostos para analisar o risco de ressonancias mal amortecidas no sistema. Os graficos estabelecem a regiao de risco correlacionando o nivel de curto-circuito da rede no ponto de acoplamento comum, com a capacidade nominal do parque eolico e o nivel de compensacao de potencia reativa. Dois parametros delimitam a regiao: A frequencia de ressonancia, e a amplificacao de tensao com respeito a distorcoes harmonicas na rede. Os tres graficos propostos nesta dissertacao podem-se obter analiticamente com os modelos de impedancia dos PEs sem necessidade de simulacao. Um metodo baseado em medicao tambem foi desenvolvido para obter os graficos sem conhecimento previo das caracteristicas do parque. Estes metodos para obter os graficos foram validados com simulacoes detalhadas de transitorios eletromagneticos. Os graficos propostos podem serfacilmente obtidos e consultados por engenheiros, e apresentam grande potencial para facilitar a analise de ressonancia em sistemas com PEsAbstract: The increase of the penetration of wind parks (WP) based on doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) in electric power systems may bring problems associated with high-frequency resonances in the range between 180 Hz and 1500 Hz. There are two main phenomena to be analyzed: unstable resonances, when a resonance occurs in frequencies where the DFIG voltage source converters (VSC) have negative damping characteristic; and weakly damped resonances close to frequencies such as 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th harmonics, which are typically present as background grid distortions. Traditionally, these resonances are studied with electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations as they are able to account for all dynamic characteristics of the circuit. However, numerous EMT simulations are generally required in the studies, which leads to high computational costs. This dissertation develops simplified approaches to address these resonances. Prior to developing these methods, it is first confirmed that, at frequencies between 180 Hz and 1500 Hz, the DFIG can be modeled as a linear impedance using the average model of the VSCs. Then, a chart is developed to quickly identify if a WP can become unstable. This chart establishes a risk region: if WP and grid characteristics (short-circuit level to wind park size ratio and reactive compensation to wind park size ratio) lay inside this region, the WP can become unstable. It is found that this risk region can be significantly reduced by properly designing the control parameters of the converters. Therefore, high-frequency instabilities are unlikely to become a general concern for utilities. Nevertheless, weakly damped harmonic resonances can still occur and must be considered when operating and designing DFIG-based WPs. Two additional charts are proposed to analyze the risk of weakly damped harmonic resonances in the system. The charts establish a risk region by correlating the short-circuit level of the grid at the point of common coupling, with the WP rated power capacity and reactive power compensation level. Two parameters delimit this risk region: Resonance frequency and voltage amplification with respect to background harmonic distortions in the grid. All three charts proposed in this dissertation can be obtained analytically, based on wind park impedance models, without the need for running any simulation. A measurement-based method is also developed to obtain these charts without prior knowledge of any wind park characteristic. These methods for obtaining the charts were properly validated with detailed EMT simulations. The proposed charts can be easily obtained and consulted by engineers, and have the potential to greatly facilitate resonance assessment in systems with WPsMestradoEnergia EletricaMestre em Engenharia Elétric

Forced oscillation in power systems with converter controlled-based resources- a survey with case studies

In future power systems, conventional synchronous generators will be replaced by converter controlled-based generations (CCGs), i.e., wind and solar generations, and battery energy storage systems. Thus, the paradigm shift in power systems will lead to the inferior system strength and inertia scarcity. Therefore, the problems of forced oscillation (FO) will emerge with new features of the CCGs. The state-of-the-art review in this paper emphasizes previous strategies for FO detection, source identification, and mitigation. Moreover, the effect of FO is investigated in a power system with CCGs. In its conclusion, this paper also highlights important findings and provides suggestions for subsequent research in this important topic of future power systems. © 2013 IEEE

Advances in Modelling and Control of Wind and Hydrogenerators

Rapid deployment of wind and solar energy generation is going to result in a series of new problems with regards to the reliability of our electrical grid in terms of outages, cost, and life-time, forcing us to promptly deal with the challenging restructuring of our energy systems. Increased penetration of fluctuating renewable energy resources is a challenge for the electrical grid. Proposing solutions to deal with this problem also impacts the functionality of large generators. The power electronic generator interactions, multi-domain modelling, and reliable monitoring systems are examples of new challenges in this field. This book presents some new modelling methods and technologies for renewable energy generators including wind, ocean, and hydropower systems

Advances in Modelling and Control of Wind and Hydrogenerators

Rapid deployment of wind and solar energy generation is going to result in a series of new problems with regards to the reliability of our electrical grid in terms of outages, cost, and life-time, forcing us to promptly deal with the challenging restructuring of our energy systems. Increased penetration of fluctuating renewable energy resources is a challenge for the electrical grid. Proposing solutions to deal with this problem also impacts the functionality of large generators. The power electronic generator interactions, multi-domain modelling, and reliable monitoring systems are examples of new challenges in this field. This book presents some new modelling methods and technologies for renewable energy generators including wind, ocean, and hydropower systems