A City Amputated, A Community Regenerated: Munich During and After the Allied Air War, 1939-1948

Cities do not exist in isolation. They sum up a complex web of connections between people and natural resources, knit together by transport systems. Cities are also connected to other cities, regions, and countries. Like an organism cut off from its food, a city amputated from its vital connections to natural resources--food and fuel--can suffer and even die. This study argues these connections and the transport system that bind them together make a city work. Warfare, especially strategic bombing, disrupts these connections, having huge impacts on citizens' lives. Urbanites are forced to confront their dependence on natural resources and vulnerability to natural forces such as weather. The subject of this study, Munich, experienced these changes both during and after WWII. Between 1939 and 1948, the city descended from thriving cultural metropole to isolated, burned-out wreck, then slowly rallied to become a city on the mend. This study analyzes how wartime bombing and postwar occupation policies damaged and often completely severed Munich's connections to coal, electricity, and food. It uses eyewitness accounts and memoirs to analyze the impacts of these changes in peoples' lives. It combines the ideas and insights of military, urban, and environmental history. By analyzing war's strike against a city's connections, we better appreciate warfare's place in the perennial relationship linking humans to nature

Ten Frontier Technologies for International Development

The report finds clear evidence of the potential of frontier technologies to contribute to social, economic and political development gains in a number of ways, by: • Driving innovations in business models, products and processes that provide new goods and services to ‘bottom of the pyramid’ consumers; • Providing the means by which to make better use of existing underutilised household and productive assets; • Catalysing increases in demand, nationally and internationally, which create new industries and markets, leading to macro- and microeconomic growth; and • Changing demand for labour and capital, leading to direct job creation and transformation of the workforce. For all of the potential upsides, potential downsides must also be considered. While it will largely be the private sector that will drive deployment of these technologies, the public sector through national regulation, as well as development financing, will have a major role in mediating the pace and direction of technological change, both to achieve development objectives, and to protect potential losers.As new technologies and digital business models reshape economies and disrupt incumbencies, interest has surged in the potential of novel frontier technologies to also contribute to positive changes in international development and humanitarian contexts. Widespread adoption of new technologies is acknowledged as centrally important to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. But while frontier technologies can rapidly address large-scale economic, social or political challenges, they can also involve the displacement of existing technologies and carry considerable uncertainty and risk. Although there have been significant wins bringing the benefits of new technologies to poor consumers through examples such as mobile money or off-grid solar energy, there are many other areas where the applications may not yet have been developed into viable market solutions, or where opportunities have not yet been taken up in development practice

Aeronautical engineering: A cumulative index to a continuing bibliography (supplement 274)

This publication is a cumulative index to the abstracts contained in supplements 262 through 273 of Aeronautical Engineering: A Continuing Bibliography. The bibliographic series is compiled through the cooperative efforts of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Seven indexes are included: subject, personal author, corporate source, foreign technology, contract number, report number, and accession number