The data concept behind the data: From metadata models and labelling schemes towards a generic spectral library

Spectral libraries play a major role in imaging spectroscopy. They are commonly used to store end-member and spectrally pure material spectra, which are primarily used for mapping or unmixing purposes. However, the development of spectral libraries is time consuming and usually sensor and site dependent. Spectral libraries are therefore often developed, used and tailored only for a specific case study and only for one sensor. Multi-sensor and multi-site use of spectral libraries is difficult and requires technical effort for adaptation, transformation, and data harmonization steps. Especially the huge amount of urban material specifications and its spectral variations hamper the setup of a complete spectral library consisting of all available urban material spectra. By a combined use of different urban spectral libraries, besides the improvement of spectral inter- and intra-class variability, missing material spectra could be considered with respect to a multi-sensor/ -site use. Publicly available spectral libraries mostly lack the metadata information that is essential for describing spectra acquisition and sampling background, and can serve to some extent as a measure of quality and reliability of the spectra and the entire library itself. In the GenLib project, a concept for a generic, multi-site and multi-sensor usable spectral library for image spectra on the urban focus was developed. This presentation will introduce a 1) unified, easy-to-understand hierarchical labeling scheme combined with 2) a comprehensive metadata concept that is 3) implemented in the SPECCHIO spectral information system to promote the setup and usability of a generic urban spectral library (GUSL). The labelling scheme was developed to ensure the translation of individual spectral libraries with their own labelling schemes and their usually varying level of details into the GUSL framework. It is based on a modified version of the EAGLE classification concept by combining land use, land cover, land characteristics and spectral characteristics. The metadata concept consists of 59 mandatory and optional attributes that are intended to specify the spatial context, spectral library information, references, accessibility, calibration, preprocessing steps, and spectra specific information describing library spectra implemented in the GUSL. It was developed on the basis of existing metadata concepts and was subject of an expert survey. The metadata concept and the labelling scheme are implemented in the spectral information system SPECCHIO, which is used for sharing and holding GUSL spectra. It allows easy implementation of spectra as well as their specification with the proposed metadata information to extend the GUSL. Therefore, the proposed data model represents a first fundamental step towards a generic usable and continuously expandable spectral library for urban areas. The metadata concept and the labelling scheme also build the basis for the necessary adaptation and transformation steps of the GUSL in order to use it entirely or in excerpts for further multi-site and multi-sensor applications

New Pathways to support social-ecological Systems in Change

Klimawandel und Biodiversitätsverlust sowie Verstädterung und demografischer Wandel haben tiefgreifende Auswirkungen auf Städte und ihre Ökosysteme und damit auf die Lebensbedingungen der Mehrheit der Menschheit. Die Geschwindigkeit des Wandels und die Dringlichkeit der Folgen macht Umweltmonitoring zu einem potentiell interessanten Tool für nachhaltige und resiliente Stadtentwicklung. Der erste Artikel gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Fernerkundung in Bezug auf Stadtökologie und zeigt, dass Fernerkundung relevant für nachhaltige Stadtplanung ist. Es bestehen jedoch bestehen Mängel, da viele Studien nicht direkt umsetzbar sind. Der zweite Artikel zeigt, dass eine wachsende Stadt Möglichkeiten für den Ausbau der grünen Infrastruktur bieten kann. Im dritten Artikel wird untersucht, wie sich die städtische Dichte auf die Bereitstellung von Ökosystemdienstleistungen der grünen Infrastruktur auswirkt. Es wird gezeigt, dass eine hohe Siedlungsdichte nicht zwangsläufig zu einem geringeren Biodiversitätspotenzial oder einer geringeren Kühlkapazität führt. Allerdings sind dicht bebaute Gebiete mit geringer Vegetationsbedeckung besonders auf grüne Infrastruktur angewiesen. Der vierte Artikel befasst sich mit der Frage, wie naturbasierte Lösungen durch eine bessere Vernetzung der Beteiligten gestärkt werden können. Auf der Grundlage einer gezielten Literaturrecherche über Informationstechnologie zur Unterstützung sozial-ökologischer Systeme wird ein Instrument zur Entscheidungshilfe entwickelt. Dieses kombiniert ökologische und soziale Indikatoren, um Klimawandeladaption in Übereinstimmung mit den sozio-ökologischen Bedingungen entwickeln zu können. Der fünfte Artikel bietet eine grundsätzliche Perspektive zur Unterstützung der städtischen Nachhaltigkeit, die auf dem ökologischen-Trait Konzept basiert. Zusammen bieten die fünf Artikel Wege für die Fernerkundungswissenschaft und die angewandte Raumplanung für nachhaltige und resiliente Entwicklungen in Städten.Climate change and biodiversity loss, as well as urbanisation and demographic change, are major global challenges of the 21st century. These trends have profound impacts on cities and their ecosystems and thus on the living conditions of the majority of humanity. This raises the need for timely environmental monitoring supporting sustainable and resilient urban developments. The first article is an overview of the state of the art of remote sensing science in relation to urban ecology. The review found that remote sensing can contribute to sustainable urban policy, still insufficiencies remain as many studies are not directly actionable. The second article shows that a growing city can provide opportunities for an increase in green infrastructure. Here, remote sensing is used for long-term analysis of land-use in relation to urban forms in Berlin. The third article examines how urban density affects ecosystem service provision of urban green infrastructure. It is shown that residential density does not necessarily lead to poor biodiversity potential or cooling capacity. However, dense areas with low vegetation cover are particularly dependent on major green infrastructure. The fourth article explores ways to reinforce nature-based solutions by better connecting and informing stakeholders. Based on a focussed literature review on information technology supporting urban social-ecological systems, a decision support tool is developed. The tool combines indicators based on ecological diversity and performance with population density and vulnerability. This way, climate change adaptation can be developed in accordance with socio-ecological conditions. The concluding fifth article offers an outlook on a larger framework in support of urban sustainability, based on the ecological trait concept. Together the five research papers provide pathways for urban remote sensing science and applied spatial planning that can support sustainable and resilient developments in cities

탄소 중립 도시를 위한 이질적 도시 피복 내 토양 유기 탄소 저장량 평가

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 환경대학원 협동과정 조경학, 2021.8. 배지환.Soils hold the largest organic carbon in urban ecosystem. Quantifying urban soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is a preliminary step for carbon neutral strategy in urban ecosystem. The impacts of urbanization on SOC stocks have gained attention from policy makers as well as land managers. However, urban SOC stocks are often omitted from estimates of carbon budgets in urban area due to the small sample size and high degree of variability under heterogeneous land-cover types. In this dissertation, I aimed to find the spatial and vertical variations of urban SOC stocks. Understanding how SOC stocks in heterogeneous land-cover types is essential to assess urban carbon storage; however, the spatial and vertical distributions of SOC stocks have been poorly characterized. Intensive urbanization, and underground development in particular, leads to spatial and vertical heterogeneity of SOC. The magnitude and origin of SOC under different urban setting have not been well explored. In Chapter 2, I quantified SOC stocks to a 5 m depth beneath impervious surfaces and adjacent vegetative surfaces at three housing complexes in Seoul Special City, Republic of Korea. The objectives of Chapter 2 were (1) to quantify the spatial and vertical distribution of SOC stocks beneath impervious surfaces and vegetative surfaces; (2) to investigate the key factors that control the spatial and vertical distribution of SOC stocks; and (3) to understand how anthropogenic factors affect SOC stocks in heterogeneous urban setting. In the top 1 m of the profile, SOC stocks under vegetative surfaces were three times greater than those under impervious surfaces. However, we discovered that unexpectedly high SOC stocks appeared in deeper soil layers under both surface types, which led to comparable SOC stocks at a depth of 5 m beneath the impervious surface (16.9 ± 1.9 kgC m−2) and at the vegetative surface (22.3 ± 2.2 kgC m−2). Consequently, the ratio of SOC stocks at depths of 1 m to 5 m were 16% in impervious surfaces and 34% in vegetative surfaces, suggesting conventional soil sampling at 1 m depth could miss large SOC. Stable isotope data (δ13C and δ15N) combined with historical aerial photographs revealed that cropland that existed until the 1970s formed the high SOC cultural layer in deeper soils. Our results highlight that deep soils under impervious surfaces could be overlooked carbon hotspots in urban ecosystems. We believe this finding could help city planners and policy makers to assess regional carbon budgets and to reduce carbon footprint by recycling the deep SOC excavated from various construction projects towards sustainable urban development. Landscape fragmentation has created large areas of forest edge. Understanding how SOC stocks within forest edges respond to fragmentation is essential to assess carbon budgets; however, the causes and magnitude of edge effects on SOC stocks have been poorly characterized. The goal of Chapter 3 is to assess the edge effects on SOC stocks in fragmented urban-rural forests. Here, I quantified the edge effects on SOC stocks along an urban-rural gradient from three fragmented urban forests to a large patch of rural forest. The SOC stocks within 20 m of the rural forest edge (1.86 kgC m-2) is on average 80% lower than the interiors of rural forest (10.47 kgC m-2). We found that biotic factors, including annual litterfall mass (R2 > 0.94), peak leaf area index (R2 > 0.92), and fine-root mass density (R2 > 0.77), explained the spatial variation in SOC stocks within the rural forest. In urban forests, human activities at forest edges led to contrasting edge effects on SOC stocks, for instance, the SOC stocks at the east edges (4.74 kgC m-2) were over 63% greater than at the west edges (2.9 kgC m-2) explained by the adjacent land uses (e.g., paved roads vs. non-paved soils) and in-situ litterfall management. We also found significant differences in summer soil temperature (∆TS > 2.8℃) and soil moisture (∆VWC > 0.05 m3 m-3) between the east and west forest edges. Our results reveal that the factors responsible for the edge effects on SOC stocks in rural forests are biotic factors, while heterogeneous human activities at the local scale lead to complex edge effects on urban forest SOC stocks. Urban soil is a heterogeneous mixture of various parent materials and significantly affected by anthropogenic activities. Improving our understanding of the relationships between the pattern of land use and the SOC stocks requires large amounts of timely and cost efficient SOC analysis, which is difficult to obtain with routine chemical analysis. In Chapter 4, I evaluated a predictive model for SOC based on hyperspectral reflectance dataset in urban soils using ASD-FieldSpec, then used partial least squares (PLS) regression to establish the predictive models for SOC in urban soils. A total of 136 samples were collected and the SOC and δ13C values of topsoil (0-20 cm) were measured under different land cover types. The SOC stocks varied between 0.33 kg m-2 to 12.51 kg m-2. The δ13C data varied between -30.18‰ to -17.17‰. The average SOC and δ13C data showed a clear vegetation-dependent pattern. The PLSR model achieved acceptable results with coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) of calibration set for SOC (R²= 0.83; RMSE = 1.6%). The leave one out cross validation procedure confirmed the robust performance of PLS model. The results indicated that 1) the SOC can be estimated with reasonable accuracy across heterogeneous urban land-cover types based solely on the hyperspectral reflectance spectroscopy, and 2) the strategy has the potential of upscaling for city scale assessments of SOC stocks.기후 변화 대응책으로 탄소중립 도시의 중요성이 증가하며, 도시 토양 탄소 평가 및 관리의 중요성 역시 강조되고 있다. 본 학위논문은 도시화 과정에서 수반되는 세 종류의 토양 환경 변화 요인: 1) 지하 개발, 2) 녹지 파편화, 3) 도시 팽창이 토양 탄소 분포에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 정량적으로 평가함과 동시에 효율적 도시 토양 관리를 위한 분광 기반 토양 탄소 예측 시스템의 잠재력을 평가하였다. 도시화에 따른 토지 피복 변화는 토양 탄소 저장 분포의 수평 및 수직적 교란을 동반한다. Chapter 2 에서는 도시 지하 개발이 야기하는 토양 탄소 저장 분포의 수직 교란을 불투수층 및 도시 녹지대에서 5 m 깊이까지 비교 평가하였다. Chapter 3 에서는 도시 개발로 파편화된 녹지 축을 선정하여, 토양 탄소 저장량의 가장자리 효과를 도시 녹지 및 도시 산림 부지에서 비교 분석하였다. Chapter 4 에서는 팽창하는 도시 속 효율적 토양 탄소 저장 평가 및 관리를 위해, 초분광 반사정보를 활용한 토양 탄소 예측 모델을 개발 및 평가하였다. 도시 토양 탄소 저장량 평가는 도시 녹지 표토의 탄소 저장능에 집중되어 왔으며, 도시를 대표하는 토지 피복 중 하나인 불투수층 아래 토양 탄소 평가는 기존 도시 연구의 한계점으로 인식되어왔다. 본 학위논문의 Chapter 2에서는 서울 강남의 아파트 단지들을 대상으로, 조경지 및 불투수층 아래의 토양 탄소 저장량을 5 m 깊이까지 평가하였다. 도시 토양 탄소 저장량을 5 m 깊이로 평가한 결과, 불투수층(16.9 ± 1.9 kgC m−2)과 조경지(22.3 ± 2.2 kgC m−2)에서 큰 차이를 확인할 수 없었다. 1 m 깊이 내 토양 탄소가 5 m 총 깊이에서 차지하는 비중 역시 조경지에서 34%, 불투수층 부지에서 16%인 것으로 평가되었다. 도시 심토층에 축적된 상당량의 토양 탄소 기원은 안정성 탄소-질소 동위원소(δ13C, δ15N) 분석 결과, 과거 대상지의 주된 인간활동인 농경 활동의 영향으로 추정되었다. 즉, 아파트 개발 부지 내 과거 농경지 토양이 성토와 같은 인위적 교란으로 2-3 m 깊이에 장기간 저장되어 문화적층으로 오늘날 존재한 것이다. 이러한 결과는 기존 도시 토양 탄소 저장량이 과소평가된 가능성과 더불어 도시 개발 역사와 수직적 토양 교란이 도시 토양 탄소 저장능에 중요한 요소임을 시사한다. 한정된 토지 활용을 극대화하기 위한 지하 개발이 가속화되는 현대 도시에서 반출된 심토 내 높은 유기 탄소는 기후 변화 속 탄소 중립 정책을 위한 탄소 자원 및 조경 소재로 재사용될 수 있을 것이다. 도시화에 따른 녹지 파편화는 녹지 가장자리 면적을 급격히 증가시킨다. 녹지 가장자리와 중심부 사이 환경 조건의 차이는 생물적, 비생물적 가장자리 효과를 동반한다. 그러나, 토양 탄소 저장 분포의 가장자리 효과는 그 원인과 규모 측면에서 사례 연구가 부족하다. Chapter 3에서는 파편화된 도시 녹지 축을 대상지로, 토양 탄소 저장량의 가장자리 효과를 도시 숲과 산림지역에서 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과, 산림 가장자리로부터 20 m 거리내 토양 탄소 저장량(1.86 kgC m-2)은 산림 중심부(10.47 kgC m-2)와 비교하여 80% 낮은 것으로 평가되었다. 산림 가장자리의 낮은 토양 탄소 저장량은 토양 탄소 기원인 식생 미세 뿌리 함량(R2 > 0.77), 연간 낙엽량(R2 > 0.94), 엽면적 지수(R2 > 0.92)와 같은 생물적 요소 감소로 설명되었다. 반면 도시 숲의 경우, 가장자리 인접 이질적 인간활동이 토양 탄소 저장량에 영향을 주는 것으로 분석되었다. 그 예로, 도시 숲의 동쪽(4.74 kgC m-2) 및 서쪽(2.9 kgC m-2) 가장자리 녹지는 가장자리 구조와 낙엽관리의 차이로, 비록 동일한 시기에 파편화되었더라도, 토양 탄소 저장량의 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 또한, 식생 생육 기간 내 표토의 온도(∆TS > 2.8℃)와 습도(∆VWC > 0.05 m3 m-3) 역시 도시 녹지의 동쪽-서쪽 가장자리에서 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 이는 도시 가장자리 녹지는 생물적 요소 뿐 아니라 마주한 인접 토지 피복의 유형과 인간 활동이 토양 탄소 저장량의 이질적 가장자리 효과를 유도할 수 있음을 의미한다. 더불어, 낙엽 존치와 같은 토양 탄소원 관리를 통해, 낮게 평가된 가장자리 녹지내 토양 탄소 저장량이 향후 개선의 여지가 있음을 시사한다. 도시 토양의 유기 탄소는 다양한 인간활동과 이질적 도시 모질에서 기원한다. 도시 토양 관리 측면에서 유기 탄소 저장 및 기원 평가는 기후 변화 속 그 중요성이 강조되는 반면, 기존 화학적 분석법은 비용과 시간 측면에서 가속되는 도시 팽창에 대처하기 어렵다는 한계점을 갖는다. Chapter 4 에서는 분광계로 취득한 도시 토양 초분광 반사 정보(350-2,500 nm)를 활용하여, 도시 공원내 여섯 종류 토지 피복(혼효림, 침엽수림, 활엽수림, 잔디, 습지, 나지) 조건의 토양 유기 탄소 함량을 예측하는 분광기반 토양 탄소 예측 모델을 개발하였다. 또한, 이질적 도시 피복 내 토양 탄소 기원 추적을 위해, 안정성 탄소 동위원소(δ13C) 역시 여섯 종류의 토지 피복 조건에서 평가하였다. 총 136개의 표토 샘플을 바탕으로 LOOCV 교차검증(leave-one-out cross-validation)을 실시하였으며, PLS(partial least squares) 회귀분석법을 통해 기존 화학적 분석법과 분광기반 평가법을 비교한 결과, 유기 탄소(R² = 0.83; RMSE = 1.6%) 추정에서 유의미한 예측 정확도를 확인하였다. 분광 기반 토양 유기 탄소 예측의 중요 파장대(1 > VIP; variable importance in projection)는 가시광선(400~700 nm) 및 근적외선(2200~2300 nm) 영역 일부가 주요함이 평가되었다. 이와 같은 결과는 분광 반사정보를 통한 도시 토양 탄소 예측이 높은 잠재력을 갖고 있음을 시사한다. 도시 공원내 여섯 토지 피복 중, 습지 토양 탄소 추정치가 화학적 분석법 대비 저평가 되었으며, 이는 습지 토양의 넓은 탄소 함량 범위 및 수생태계 기원 이질적 탄소원의 영향으로 추정된다. 이러한 한계점은 습지와 같은 특정 토지 피복의 개별 분광 라이브러리 구축 및 추정 모델 개발로 보완될 수 있을 것이다. 본 학위 논문에서 도출된 도시 토양 탄소 저장 특성의 공통 함의는 1) 과거 및 오늘날의 인간활동이 도시 토양 탄소 저장량 변화를 주도할 수 있으며, 2) 도시 생태계 특유의 수평 및 수직적 토양 탄소 분포 형태가 존재한다는 것이다. 이러한 도시 특유의 토양 탄소 분포는 3) 분광 기반 예측 시스템을 통해 도시 규모로 평가될 수 있으며, 이는 탄소중립 도시 정책 수립의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.Chapter 1. Introduction 2 1. Background 2 1.1. Urbanization and the cultural layers of SOC stocks 2 1.2. Edge effects on SOC stocks in fragmented urban landscpae 3 1.3. Landscape-scale assessments of SOC via hyperspectral data 3 2. Purpose 4 Chapter 2. High soil organic carbon stocks under impervious surfaces contributed by urban deep cultural layers 8 1. Introduction 8 2. Methods and materials 9 2.1 Site description 9 2.2 Data collection 11 2.3. Data processing 11 2.4. Statistical analyses 12 3. Results 13 3.1. Vertical dsitributions of soil bulk density, SOC concentration and fine roots 13 3.2. Vertical distributions of SOC stocks 15 3.3. Depth profiles of soil carbon and nitrogen isotopes 16 4. Discussion 17 4.1 What controls vertical heterogeneity of urban SOC stocks? 17 4.2 How does the impervious surfaces affect the urban SOC stocks? 20 4.3 How can deep SOC data be used for sustainable urban development? 22 5. Conclusions 23 Chapter 3. The magnitude and causes of edge effects on soil organic carbon stocks along an urban-rural gradient 24 1. Introduction 24 2. Methods and Materials 27 2.1. Site description 27 2.2. Data collection 29 2.3. Data processing 31 2.4. Statistical analyses 32 3. Results 33 3.1. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks along an urban-rural gradient… 33 3.2. The spatiotemporal variation of abiotic factors across urban and rural forests 34 3.3. Relationships between spatial variation of biotic factors and soil organic carbon stocks 36 4. Discussion 39 4.1. Magnitude and causes of edge effects on SOC stocks across urban and rural forests 39 4.2. Effects of anthropogenic activities on urban SOC stocks 40 5. Conclusion 42 Chapter 4. Spatial variations of soil organic carbon under diverse land cover types: pplication of laboratory-based hyperspectral reflectance spectroscopy 43 1. Introduction 43 2. Materials and Methods 44 2.1. Site description and Data collection 44 2.2. Data processing 45 2.3. Statistical analyses 46 3. Results and discussion 47 3.1. Spatial variations of SOC concentration and δ13C among different land cover types 47 3.2. Assessments of urban SOC concentration using reflectance spectroscopy 49 4. Conclusions 50 References 52 Chapter 5. Conclusion 64 Abstract in Korean 66박

Applied Geochemistry with Case Studies on Geological Formations, Exploration Techniques and Environmental Issues

Geochemistry has become an essential subject to understand our origins and face the challenges that humanity will meet in the near future. This book presents several studies that have geochemistry as their central theme, from the description of different geological formations, through its use for the characterization of contaminated sites and their possible impact on ecosystems and human health, as well as the importance of geochemical techniques as a complement to other current scientific disciplines. Through the different chapters, the reader will be able to approach the world of geochemistry in several of its subfields (e.g. environmental, isotope, or biogeochemistry) and learn through practical cases

Sensors Application in Agriculture

Novel technologies are playing an important role in the development of crop and livestock farming and have the potential to be the key drivers of sustainable intensification of agricultural systems. In particular, new sensors are now available with reduced dimensions, reduced costs, and increased performances, which can be implemented and integrated in production systems, providing more data and eventually an increase in information. It is of great importance to support the digital transformation, precision agriculture, and smart farming, and to eventually allow a revolution in the way food is produced. In order to exploit these results, authoritative studies from the research world are still needed to support the development and implementation of new solutions and best practices. This Special Issue is aimed at bringing together recent developments related to novel sensors and their proved or potential applications in agriculture

Remote Sensing in Applications of Geoinformation

Remote sensing, especially from satellites, is a source of invaluable data which can be used to generate synoptic information for virtually all parts of the Earth, including the atmosphere, land, and ocean. In the last few decades, such data have evolved as a basis for accurate information about the Earth, leading to a wealth of geoscientific analysis focusing on diverse applications. Geoinformation systems based on remote sensing are increasingly becoming an integral part of the current information and communication society. The integration of remote sensing and geoinformation essentially involves combining data provided from both, in a consistent and sensible manner. This process has been accelerated by technologically advanced tools and methods for remote sensing data access and integration, paving the way for scientific advances in a broadening range of remote sensing exploitations in applications of geoinformation. This volume hosts original research focusing on the exploitation of remote sensing in applications of geoinformation. The emphasis is on a wide range of applications, such as the mapping of soil nutrients, detection of plastic litter in oceans, urban microclimate, seafloor morphology, urban forest ecosystems, real estate appraisal, inundation mapping, and solar potential analysis

Calibration of DART Radiative Transfer Model with Satellite Images for Simulating Albedo and Thermal Irradiance Images and 3D Radiative Budget of Urban Environment

Remote sensing is increasingly used for managing urban environment. In this context, the H2020 project URBANFLUXES aims to improve our knowledge on urban anthropogenic heat fluxes, with the specific study of three cities: London, Basel and Heraklion. Usually, one expects to derive directly 2 major urban parameters from remote sensing: the albedo and thermal irradiance. However, the determination of these two parameters is seriously hampered by complexity of urban architecture. For example, urban reflectance and brightness temperature are far from isotropic and are spatially heterogeneous. Hence, radiative transfer models that consider the complexity of urban architecture when simulating remote sensing signals are essential tools. Even for these sophisticated models, there is a major constraint for an operational use of remote sensing: the complex 3D distribution of optical properties and temperatures in urban environments. Here, the work is conducted with the DART (Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer) model. It is a comprehensive physically based 3D radiative transfer model that simulates optical signals at the entrance of imaging spectro-radiometers and LiDAR scanners on board of satellites and airplanes, as well as the 3D radiative budget, of urban and natural landscapes for any experimental (atmosphere, topography,…) and instrumental (sensor altitude, spatial resolution, UV to thermal infrared,…) configuration. Paul Sabatier University distributes free licenses for research activities. This paper presents the calibration of DART model with high spatial resolution satellite images (Landsat 8, Sentinel 2, etc.) that are acquired in the visible (VIS) / near infrared (NIR) domain and in the thermal infrared (TIR) domain. Here, the work is conducted with an atmospherically corrected Landsat 8 image and Bale city, with its urban database. The calibration approach in the VIS/IR domain encompasses 5 steps for computing the 2D distribution (image) of urban albedo at satellite spatial resolution. (1) DART simulation of satellite image at very high spatial resolution (e.g., 50cm) per satellite spectral band. Atmosphere conditions are specific to the satellite image acquisition. (2) Spatial resampling of DART image at the coarser spatial resolution of the available satellite image, per spectral band. (3) Iterative derivation of the urban surfaces (roofs, walls, streets, vegetation,…) optical properties as derived from pixel-wise comparison of DART and satellite images, independently per spectral band. (4) Computation of the band albedo image of the city, per spectral band. (5) Computation of the image of the city albedo and VIS/NIR exitance, as an integral over all satellite spectral bands. In order to get a time series of albedo and VIS/NIR exitance, even in the absence of satellite images, ECMWF information about local irradiance and atmosphere conditions are used. A similar approach is used for calculating the city thermal exitance using satellite images acquired in the thermal infrared domain. Finally, DART simulations that are conducted with the optical properties derived from remote sensing images give also the 3D radiative budget of the city at any date including the date of the satellite image acquisition

Optické vlastnosti listu ve vztahu k anatomickým vlastnostem listu

K předpovědi reakcí ekosystémů na faktory prostředí se běžně používají funkční znaky rostlin na úrovni listu, popisující projevy globálních změn klimatu na úrovni ekosystémů. Mezi funkční znaky rostlin řadíme jak biofyzikální vlastnosti listu (např. obsah fotosyntetických pigmentů a obsahu vody) tak jeho strukturní vlastnosti (např. tloušťka listu a poměr fotosyntetických a nefotosyntetických pletiv listu). Biofyzikální a strukturní vlastnosti listu je možné zjišťovat buď destruktivně v laboratoři, nebo nedestruktivně s využitím optických vlastností listu. Ačkoli je odhadování obsahu chlorofylu na základě optických vlastností listů dobře zavedenou metodou, vliv struktury a vnitřní anatomie listů na jejich optické vlastnosti je důkladně studován teprve v posledních dvou dekádách. Publikace zahrnuté v mé práci a většina práce je věnována evropským opadavým dřevinám, typickým pro temperátní a hemiboreální lesy s listy vykazujícími podobnou dorziventrální strukturu, (tj. mezofyl je diferencován na palisádový a houbovitý parenchym). Dále má disertační práce zahrnuje studii vlivu strukturních znaků povrchu listů dvou skupin bylin na jejich optické vlastnosti. V této studii byly použity dvě skupiny fylogeneticky blízkých bylin se srovnatelnou vnitřní strukturou listů (mutanty Arabidopsis thaliana L. a...Plant functional traits at the leaf level are commonly used to predict ecosystem responses to environmental factors and describe global climate change processes at the ecosystem level. Plant functional traits include both leaf biophysical traits (e.g., photosynthetic pigment content and water content) and structural traits (e.g., leaf thickness and proportion of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic tissues). Leaf biophysical and structural traits can be detected either destructively in the laboratory or non-destructively using leaf optical properties. Although estimating chlorophyll content from leaf optical properties is a well-established methodology, the influence of leaf structure and internal anatomy on leaf optical properties has only been thoroughly studied in the last two decades. The papers included in my thesis and my thesis itself are mostly focused on the study of typical European deciduous trees of temperate and hemiboreal forests with leaves having a dorsiventral structure (i.e., the mesophyll is differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma). Furthermore, my thesis includes a study on the effect of leaf surface structural traits on optical properties. In this study, two groups of phylogenetically close herbs with comparable internal leaf structure were used (mutants of...Department of Experimental Plant BiologyKatedra experimentální biologie rostlinFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

VGC 2023 - Unveiling the dynamic Earth with digital methods: 5th Virtual Geoscience Conference: Book of Abstracts

Conference proceedings of the 5th Virtual Geoscience Conference, 21-22 September 2023, held in Dresden. The VGC is a multidisciplinary forum for researchers in geoscience, geomatics and related disciplines to share their latest developments and applications.:Short Courses 9 Workshops Stream 1 10 Workshop Stream 2 11 Workshop Stream 3 12 Session 1 – Point Cloud Processing: Workflows, Geometry & Semantics 14 Session 2 – Visualisation, communication & Teaching 27 Session 3 – Applying Machine Learning in Geosciences 36 Session 4 – Digital Outcrop Characterisation & Analysis 49 Session 5 – Airborne & Remote Mapping 58 Session 6 – Recent Developments in Geomorphic Process and Hazard Monitoring 69 Session 7 – Applications in Hydrology & Ecology 82 Poster Contributions 9