Patchy zooplankton grazing and high energy conversion efficiency: Ecological implications of sandeel behavior and strategy

Sandeel display strong site-fidelity, and spend most of their life buried in the seabed. This strategy carries important ecological implications. Sandeels save energy when they are not foraging but in return are unable to move substantially and therefore possibly are sensitive to local depletion of prey. Here we studied zooplankton consumption and energy conversion efficiency of lesser sandeel (Ammodytes marinus) in the central North Sea, using stomach data, length and weight-at-age data, bioenergetics, and hydrodynamic modeling. The results suggested: (i) lesser sandeel in the Dogger area depend largely on relatively large copepods in early spring. (ii) lesser sandeel is an efficient converter making secondary production into fish tissue available for higher trophic levels. Hence, changes in species composition towards a more herring dominated system, as seen in recent times, may lead to a decrease in system transfer efficiency. (iii) sandeels leave footprints in the standing copepod biomass as far as 100 km from the edge of their habitat, but smaller and more isolated sandeel habitat patches have a much lower impact than larger patches, suggesting that smaller habitats can sustain higher sandeel densities and growth rates per area than larger habitats

Inter-annual and inter-specific differences in the drift of fish eggs and yolksac larvae in the North Sea: A biophysical modeling approach

We employed 3-D biophysical modeling and dispersion kernel analysis to explore inter-annual and inter-specific differences in the drift trajectories of eggs and yolksac larvae of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), sprat (Sprattus sprattus) and horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) in the North Sea. In this region, these four species exhibit peak spawning during the boreal winter, late winter/early spring, late spring/early summer, and mid-summer respectively, but utilize the same spawning locations (our simulations included Dogger Bank, Southern Bight and the German Bight). Inter-annual differences in the temperature history, and an increase in the area of dispersion and final distribution at the end of the yolksac phase were more pronounced (and related to the North Atlantic Oscillation) for winter- and early spring-spawners compared to late spring/summer spawners. The progeny of the latter experienced the largest (up to 10-fold) inter-annual differences in drift distances, although absolute drift distances were modest (~2 to 30 km) when compared to those of the former (~ 20 to 130 km). Our results highlight the complex interplay that exists between the specific life history strategies of the different species and the impacts of the variability in (climate-driven) physical factors during the earliest life stages of marine fish. Resumen: Diferencias interanuales e interespecíficas en la deriva de huevos y larvas lecitotróficas en el mar Norte: Aproximación a través un modelo biofísico. – En este trabajo utilizamos un modelo 3-D físico-biológico y un análisis de dispersión del núcleo para investigar las diferencias interespecíficas e interanuales en las trayectorias de la deriva de huevos y larvas lecitotróficas de la solla (Pleuronectes platessa), el bacalao Atlántico (Gadus morhua), el espadín (Sprattus sprattus) y el jurel (Trachurus trachurus) en el Mar del Norte. En esta región, las especies estudiadas muestran distintos picos de distintos desoves en el tiempo: invierno boreal, invierno tardío/primavera temprana, primavera tardía/verano temprano y mitad del verano, respectivamente, aunque comparten las mismas zonas de desove. Las simulaciones efectuadas corresponden a tres de estas zonas: Dogger Bank, Southern Bight y German Bight. Los resultados mostraron diferencias interanuales en la temperatura experimentada por las larvas, en el área de dispersión y en el patrón de distribución al final del estadio lecitotrófico, que fueron más evidentes en el bacalao Atlántico, en comparacion con el espadín. Así mismo, estos factores estuvieron correlacionados con la Oscilación del Atlántico Norte. La progenie del espadín, además, mostró la mayor variación interanual en la distancia de dispersión, siendo hasta 10 veces mayor, aunque la distancia absoluta alcanzada fue relativamente modesta (~2-30 km) en comparación con la observada para el bacalao Atlántico (~20-130 km). Nuestros resultados subrayan la compleja interacción que existe, durante los estadios tempranos del desarrollo de peces marinos, entre las estrategias ecológica

Ecological commonalities among pelagic fishes: comparison of freshwater ciscoes and marine herring and sprat

Systematic comparisons of the ecology between functionally similar fish species from freshwater and marine aquatic systems are surprisingly rare. Here, we discuss commonalities and differences in evolutionary history, population genetics, reproduction and life history, ecological interactions, behavioural ecology and physiological ecology of temperate and Arctic freshwater coregonids (vendace and ciscoes, Coregonus spp.) and marine clupeids (herring, Clupea harengus, and sprat, Sprattus sprattus). We further elucidate potential effects of climate warming on these groups of fish based on the ecological features of coregonids and clupeids documented in the previous parts of the review. These freshwater and marine fishes share a surprisingly high number of similarities. Both groups are relatively short-lived, pelagic planktivorous fishes. The genetic differentiation of local populations is weak and seems to be in part correlated to an astonishing variability of spawning times. The discrete thermal window of each species influences habitat use, diel vertical migrations and supposedly also life history variations. Complex life cycles and preference for cool or cold water make all species vulnerable to the effects of global warming. It is suggested that future research on the functional interdependence between spawning time, life history characteristics, thermal windows and genetic differentiation may profit from a systematic comparison of the patterns found in either coregonids or clupeids

29th Plenary Meeting Report of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (Plen-08-03)

The Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries held its 29th plenary on 3-7 November 2008 in Brussels. The terms of reference included both assessments of STECF working group reports and additional requests submitted to the STECF by the Commission. Topics dealt with ranged from fisheries economics to stock review issues.JRC.G.4-Maritime affair

Harvest Rules When Price Depends On Quantity: The Case of Norwegian Spring Spawning Herring (Clupea harengus L.)

For fish stocks where the unit price of harvest is constant and unit harvest costs are independent of quantity and non-increasing in biomass, regulation based on target escapement (TE) has been shown to optimise the net present value (NPV) of harvest to society. This result has also been shown to hold for fish stocks characterised by stochastic recruitment, whereas a more asymptotic approach has been advocated if price depends on quantity. In this paper, these theoretical results are empirically investigated. Our case is the Norwegian spring spawning herring fishery, a stock with stochastic recruitment and price decreasing in harvest. For this fishery, the theoretical results are verified in that TE can no longer claim optimality. At constant prices, TE is found to outperform a more gradual approach, but this comes at a cost of a lower expected spawning stock at the end of the period investigated.fisheries management, harvest rules, target escapement, herring, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Q22, Q28,

Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF) – Landing Obligations in EU Fisheries - part 3 (STECF-14-06)

The Expert Working Group meeting of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries EWG-14-01 on Landing obligation in EU fisheries – part 3 - was held from 10-14 February 2014 in Varese, Italy. The report was reviewed and endorsed by the STECF during its plenary meeting held from 24 to 28 March 2014 in Brussels (Belgium).JRC.G.4-Maritime affair

Determining the origin of seafood products on the Belgian market: challenges to traceability and database management

In countries where the majority of the seafood is imported, information about seafood origin is important in particular from a food safety perspective. In the case of Belgium, no database is available describing the origin of commercial seafood products. This investigation to determine the origin revealed three important problems. First, information needed to stem from different non-related databases; second, import countries did not define fishing grounds or product sites; third, seafood may have transited many areas and no information was available on this. Since European traceability regulations have been established for seafood, some limited extra efforts with respect to data collection and management can lead to (inter)national databases making seafood traceability information more practically useful, for example towards public health policy making