Assessing regional scale predictions of aerosols, marine stratocumulus, and their interactions during VOCALS-REx using WRF-Chem

This study assesses the ability of the recent chemistry version (v3.3) of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-Chem) model to simulate boundary layer structure, aerosols, stratocumulus clouds, and energy fluxes over the Southeast Pacific Ocean. Measurements from the VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx) and satellite retrievals (i.e., products from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES), and GOES-10) are used for this assessment. The Morrison double-moment microphysics scheme is newly coupled with interactive aerosols in the model. The 31-day (15 October–16 November 2008) WRF-Chem simulation with aerosol-cloud interactions (AERO hereafter) is also compared to a simulation (MET hereafter) with fixed cloud droplet number concentrations in the microphysics scheme and simplified cloud and aerosol treatments in the radiation scheme. The well-simulated aerosol quantities (aerosol number, mass composition and optical properties), and the inclusion of full aerosol-cloud couplings lead to significant improvements in many features of the simulated stratocumulus clouds: cloud optical properties and microphysical properties such as cloud top effective radius, cloud water path, and cloud optical thickness. In addition to accounting for the aerosol direct and semi-direct effects, these improvements feed back to the simulation of boundary-layer characteristics and energy budgets. Particularly, inclusion of interactive aerosols in AERO strengthens the temperature and humidity gradients within the capping inversion layer and lowers the marine boundary layer (MBL) depth by 130 m from that of the MET simulation. These differences are associated with weaker entrainment and stronger mean subsidence at the top of the MBL in AERO. Mean top-of-atmosphere outgoing shortwave fluxes, surface latent heat, and surface downwelling longwave fluxes are in better agreement with observations in AERO, compared to the MET simulation. Nevertheless, biases in some of the simulated meteorological quantities (e.g., MBL temperature and humidity) and aerosol quantities (e.g., underestimations of accumulation mode aerosol number) might affect simulated stratocumulus and energy fluxes over the Southeastern Pacific, and require further investigation. The well-simulated timing and outflow patterns of polluted and clean episodes demonstrate the model's ability to capture daily/synoptic scale variations of aerosol and cloud properties, and suggest that the model is suitable for studying atmospheric processes associated with pollution outflow over the ocean. The overall performance of the regional model in simulating mesoscale clouds and boundary layer properties is encouraging and suggests that reproducing gradients of aerosol and cloud droplet concentrations and coupling cloud-aerosol-radiation processes are important when simulating marine stratocumulus over the Southeast Pacific

NASA/MSFC FY88 Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Research Program Review

Interest in environmental issues and the magnitude of the environmental changes continues. One way to gain more understanding of the atmosphere is to make measurements on a global scale from space. The Earth Observation System is a series of new sensors to measure globally atmospheric parameters. Analysis of satellite data by developing algorithms to interpret the radiance information improves the understanding and also defines requirements for these sensors. One measure of knowledge of the atmosphere lies in the ability to predict its behavior. Use of numerical and experimental models provides a better understanding of these processes. These efforts are described in the context of satellite data analysis and fundamental studies of atmospheric dynamics which examine selected processes important to the global circulation

Les effets directs et semi-directs des aérosols sur le climat régional du sud de l'Afrique pendant la saison d'hiver austral

Le modèle climatique régional RegCM3 est utilisépour examiner les effets direct et semi-direct des aérosols sur le climat du sud de l'Afrique pendant l'hiver austral (juin-septembre). La sensibilité des effets simulés aux différents inventaires d'émissions de combustion de biomasse et aux différentes conditions aux limites est evaluer, afin d'estimer l'incertitude associée à ces paramètres. La sensibilité aux conditions aux limites derivées de réanalyses est modeste, mais le forçage radiatif des aérosols varie linéairement en réponse au différents inventaires testées jusqu'à un facteur deux. Le forçage radiatif est toujours négatif, alors que le forçage radiatif au sommet de l'atmosphère est negatif sur la plupart du domaine sauf au-dessus les régions de savane ou le contenu atmosphérique d'aérosols est élevée. Même si la magnitude du forçage radiatif varie, les simulations pour la période présente montrent des impacts climatiques comparables. La température de surface diminue sur la plupart de la région, ce signale qui réduit le biais du modèle sur l'ouest du sous-continent. L'échauffement en altitude est lié à la charge d'aérosols absorbants et cela, en combinaison avec la réduction de température en surface, mène à la stabilisation de la basse atmosphère. Toutefois, dans la moyenne troposphère de la zone équatoriale (entre 8°N et 5°S) cet échauffement à pour résultat un effet de 'pompe à chaleur en altitude'. Cet effet augmente la convection, les précipitations et l'humidité du sol, en accélérant le cycle hydrologique dans cette région. Une étude de la variabilité interannuelle des effets climatiques des aérosols montre que les changements des précipitations en moyenne saisonnière sont plus variables d'un an à l'autre que les changements de température de surface. Par contre, malgré des différences significatives entre les conditions synoptiques, la variabilité synoptique des impacts climatiques des aérosols est faible.The regional climate model RegCM3 is used to investigate the direct and semi-direct aerosol effects on the southern African climate during the austral winter season (June-September). The sensitivity of simulated aerosol-climate effects to different biomass burning inventories, boundary conditions and sea surface temperature (SST) feedbacks is tested to assess the range of uncertainty associated with these parameters. Little sensitivity to boundary forcing is found, while the aerosol radiative forcing (RF) varies approximately linearly by up to a factor of two, in response to the factor of two difference between emissions inventories. In all cases the surface RF is negative, while the top-to-atmosphere RF is negative over most of the domain but positive over high-albedo savannah regions where aerosol loading is high. Sensitivity to SST feedbacks is negligible in RegCM3. Although the magnitude of simulated RF varies, all simulations show similar aerosol-climate impacts. Surface temperature decreases over most of the subcontinent, a signal which acts to reduce model bias over the western half of the region. The absorbing nature of the simulated aerosol burden results in heating at altitude, which, in combination with the surface cooling, serves to increase stability in the lower atmosphere over most of the subcontinent. In the middle troposphere, however, this warming induces an elevated heat-pump effect in the equatorial regions between approximately 8°N and 5°S. This enhances convection, precipitation as well as soil moisture, effectively spinning-up the hydrological cycle in the tropics. An investigation of the interannual variability of the simulated aerosol radiative impacts showed that seasonal average precipitation changes varied more from year to year than aerosol-induced surface temperature changes. In contrast, despite significant differences between synoptic conditions, there is little synoptic-scale variability of aerosol-climate impacts

MOSAiC Science Plan

The Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) is an international Arctic research initiative that is broadly motivated by the dramatic changes in the Arctic climate system over the last few decades, highlighted by significant losses of sea ice, and generally deficient model representations of the important processes responsible for, and responding to, these changes. The ultimate goal of the initiative is to enhance understanding of central Arctic coupled atmosphere-­‐ice-­‐ocean-­‐ecosystem processes to improve numerical models for sea ice forecasting, extended-­‐range weather forecasting, climate projections, and climate change assessment

Trace gas and aerosol transports into and out of the Amazon Basin

Research under Agreement NCC1-106 during the interim period Oct. 1, 1991 to May 31, 1992 has continued to use the data collected during all three ABLE missions. The work reported on in this interim period includes published papers that cover the topic of global interactions between the rain forest of the Amazon Basin and local regional processes interior to the Basin itself

Earth Observing System. Volume 1, Part 2: Science and Mission Requirements. Working Group Report Appendix

Areas of global hydrologic cycles, global biogeochemical cycles geophysical processes are addressed including biological oceanography, inland aquatic resources, land biology, tropospheric chemistry, oceanic transport, polar glaciology, sea ice and atmospheric chemistry

Key points in air pollution meteorology

Producción CientíficaAlthough emissions have a direct impact on air pollution, meteorological processes may influence inmission concentration, with the only way to control air pollution being through the rates emitted. This paper presents the close relationship between air pollution and meteorology following the scales of atmospheric motion. In macroscale, this review focuses on the synoptic pattern, since certain weather types are related to pollution episodes, with the determination of these weather types being the key point of these studies. The contrasting contribution of cold fronts is also presented, whilst mathematical models are seen to increase the analysis possibilities of pollution transport. In mesoscale, land–sea and mountain–valley breezes may reinforce certain pollution episodes, and recirculation processes are sometimes favoured by orographic features. The urban heat island is also considered, since the formation of mesovortices determines the entry of pollutants into the city. At the microscale, the influence of the boundary layer height and its evolution are evaluated; in particular, the contribution of the low-level jet to pollutant transport and dispersion. Local meteorological variables have a major influence on calculations with the Gaussian plume model, whilst some eddies are features exclusive to urban environments. Finally, the impact of air pollution on meteorology is briefly commented on.Junta de Castilla y León (Projecto VA027G19