Strong arc decompositions of split digraphs

A {\bf strong arc decomposition} of a digraph $D=(V,A)$ is a partition of its arc set $A$ into two sets $A_1,A_2$ such that the digraph $D_i=(V,A_i)$ is strong for $i=1,2$. Bang-Jensen and Yeo (2004) conjectured that there is some $K$ such that every $K$-arc-strong digraph has a strong arc decomposition. They also proved that with one exception on 4 vertices every 2-arc-strong semicomplete digraph has a strong arc decomposition. Bang-Jensen and Huang (2010) extended this result to locally semicomplete digraphs by proving that every 2-arc-strong locally semicomplete digraph which is not the square of an even cycle has a strong arc decomposition. This implies that every 3-arc-strong locally semicomplete digraph has a strong arc decomposition. A {\bf split digraph} is a digraph whose underlying undirected graph is a split graph, meaning that its vertices can be partioned into a clique and an independent set. Equivalently, a split digraph is any digraph which can be obtained from a semicomplete digraph $D=(V,A)$ by adding a new set $V'$ of vertices and some arcs between $V'$ and $V$. In this paper we prove that every 3-arc-strong split digraph has a strong arc decomposition which can be found in polynomial time and we provide infinite classes of 2-strong split digraphs with no strong arc decomposition. We also pose a number of open problems on split digraphs

Minimum Cost Homomorphisms to Locally Semicomplete and Quasi-Transitive Digraphs

For digraphs $G$ and $H$, a homomorphism of $G$ to $H$ is a mapping $f:\ V(G)\dom V(H)$such that$uv\in A(G)$implies$f(u)f(v)\in A(H)$. If, moreover, each vertex$u \in V(G)$is associated with costs$c_i(u), i \in V(H)$, then the cost of a homomorphism$f$is$\sum_{u\in V(G)}c_{f(u)}(u)$. For each fixed digraph$H$, the minimum cost homomorphism problem for$H$, denoted MinHOM($H$), can be formulated as follows: Given an input digraph$G$, together with costs$c_i(u)$,$u\in V(G)$,$i\in V(H)$, decide whether there exists a homomorphism of$G$to$H$ and, if one exists, to find one of minimum cost. Minimum cost homomorphism problems encompass (or are related to) many well studied optimization problems such as the minimum cost chromatic partition and repair analysis problems. We focus on the minimum cost homomorphism problem for locally semicomplete digraphs and quasi-transitive digraphs which are two well-known generalizations of tournaments. Using graph-theoretic characterization results for the two digraph classes, we obtain a full dichotomy classification of the complexity of minimum cost homomorphism problems for both classes

Arc-disjoint out- and in-branchings in compositions of digraphs

An out-branching $B^+_u$ (in-branching $B^-_u$) in a digraph $D$ is a connected spanning subdigraph of $D$ in which every vertex except the vertex $u$, called the root, has in-degree (out-degree) one. A {\bf good $\mathbf{(u,v)}$-pair} in $D$ is a pair of branchings $B^+_u,B^-_v$ which have no arc in common. Thomassen proved that is NP-complete to decide if a digraph has any good pair. A digraph is {\bf semicomplete} if it has no pair of non adjacent vertices. A {\bf semicomplete composition} is any digraph $D$ which is obtained from a semicomplete digraph $S$ by substituting an arbitrary digraph $H_x$ for each vertex $x$ of $S$. Recently the authors of this paper gave a complete classification of semicomplete digraphs which have a good $(u,v)$-pair, where $u,v$ are prescribed vertices of $D$. They also gave a polynomial algorithm which for a given semicomplete digraph $D$ and vertices $u,v$ of $D$, either produces a good $(u,v)$-pair in $D$ or a certificate that $D$ has such pair. In this paper we show how to use the result for semicomplete digraphs to completely solve the problem of deciding whether a given semicomplete composition $D$, has a good $(u,v)$-pair for given vertices $u,v$ of $D$. Our solution implies that the problem is polynomially solvable for all semicomplete compositions. In particular our result implies that there is a polynomial algorithm for deciding whether a given quasi-transitive digraph $D$ has a good $(u,v)$-pair for given vertices $u,v$ of $D$. This confirms a conjecture of Bang-Jensen and Gutin from 1998

Arc-disjoint Strong Spanning Subdigraphs of Semicomplete Compositions

A strong arc decomposition of a digraph $D=(V,A)$ is a decomposition of its arc set $A$ into two disjoint subsets $A_1$ and $A_2$ such that both of the spanning subdigraphs $D_1=(V,A_1)$ and $D_2=(V,A_2)$ are strong. Let $T$ be a digraph with $t$ vertices $u_1,\dots , u_t$ and let $H_1,\dots H_t$ be digraphs such that $H_i$ has vertices $u_{i,j_i},\ 1\le j_i\le n_i.$ Then the composition $Q=T[H_1,\dots , H_t]$ is a digraph with vertex set $\cup_{i=1}^t V(H_i)=\{u_{i,j_i}\mid 1\le i\le t, 1\le j_i\le n_i\}$ and arc set $$\left(\cup^t_{i=1}A(H_i) \right) \cup \left( \cup_{u_iu_p\in A(T)} \{u_{ij_i}u_{pq_p} \mid 1\le j_i\le n_i, 1\le q_p\le n_p\} \right).$$ We obtain a characterization of digraph compositions $Q=T[H_1,\dots H_t]$ which have a strong arc decomposition when $T$ is a semicomplete digraph and each $H_i$ is an arbitrary digraph. Our characterization generalizes a characterization by Bang-Jensen and Yeo (2003) of semicomplete digraphs with a strong arc decomposition and solves an open problem by Sun, Gutin and Ai (2018) on strong arc decompositions of digraph compositions $Q=T[H_1,\dots , H_t]$ in which $T$ is semicomplete and each $H_i$ is arbitrary. Our proofs are constructive and imply the existence of a polynomial algorithm for constructing a \good{} decomposition of a digraph $Q=T[H_1,\dots , H_t]$, with $T$ semicomplete, whenever such a decomposition exists

Efficient total domination in digraphs

We generalize the concept of efficient total domination from graphs to digraphs. An efficiently total dominating set X of a digraph D is a vertex subset such that every vertex of D has exactly one predecessor in X . Not every digraph has an efficiently total dominating set. We study graphs that permit an orientation having such a set and give complexity results and characterizations concerning this question. Furthermore, we study the computational complexity of the (weighted) efficient total domination problem for several digraph classes. In particular we deal with most of the common generalizations of tournaments, like locally semicomplete and arc-locally semicomplete digraphs