Validation of the ITU-R P series radio wave propagation model for millimetre wave V-Band (60GHz) line-of-sight point-to-point short distance link

Millimetre-wave communication systems have a very high potential to become mobile technology of choice for future 4G and 5G network architectures, which has led to many researchers carrying out studies regarding the effects of the atmosphere on radio propagation. There is growing interest in the use of millimetre-wave spectrum as a potential candidate for the provision of high capacity, short range, and backhaul solutions within future 5G ultra-dense network infrastructures. However, these frequencies are highly susceptible to atmospheric conditions and therefore a more detailed understanding of such behaviour is required. This research presents results from a one-year trial of a 60GHz short-range point-to-point link test between two building rooftops at the University of Salford, UK. In this research, a short-range 60GHz radio link measures power attenuations in millimetre-wave ranges with simultaneous measurement of weather parameters. The results obtained confirm a strong correlation between path-loss and the impact of rain and atmospheric gases as predicted by the ITU path-loss model but also highlight a discrepancy. Further analysis revealed that rain duration appears to be having a detrimental effect on link performance. The experimental data from this trial is presented as evidence of the potential impact of rain at 60GHz.The results also confirm the attenuation due to atmospheric gases (Oxygen absorption and water vapour) agree with the attenuation calculations from ITU recommendation for atmospheric gases. The results having considered impacts due to atmospheric gases and rain as per the ITU recommendations, there is a general residue of between 1dB and 2dB path loss throughout the month, interspersed by definite larger peaks ranging from 3dB to 9dB. The extra 3dB to 9dB of residual path loss, is unaccounted for by the ITU path-loss model. The analysis and discussion of measurement results are presented. The results also confirm that the link throughput can be maintained except in the most extreme weather conditions

CERNAS: Current Evolution and Research Novelty in Agricultural Sustainability

Climate changes pose overwhelming impacts on primary production and, consequently, on agricultural and animal farming. Additionally, at present, agriculture still depends strongly on fossil fuels both for energy and production factors ,such as synthetized inorganic fertilizers and harmful chemicals such as pesticides. The need to feed the growing world population poses many challenges. The need to reduce environmental impacts to a minimum, maintain healthy ecosystems, and improve soil microbiota are central to ensuring a promising future for coming generations. Livestock production under cover crop systems helps to alleviate compaction so that oxygen and water can sufficiently flow in the soil, add organic matter, and help hold soil in place, reducing crusting and protecting against erosion. The use of organic plant production practices allied to the control of substances used in agriculture also decisively contributes to alleviating the pressure on ecosystems. Some of the goals of this new decade are to use enhanced sustainable production methodologies to improve the input/output ratios of primary production, reduce environmental impacts, and rely on new innovative technologies. This reprint addresses original studies and reviews focused on the current evolution and research novelty in agricultural sustainability. New developments are discussed on issues related to quality of soil, natural fertilizers, or the sustainable use of land and water. Also, crop protection techniques are pivotal for sustainable food production under the challenges of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, allied to innovative weed control methodologies as a way to reduce the utilization of pesticides. The role of precision and smart agriculture is becoming more pertinent as communication technologies improve at a rapid rate. Waste management, reuse of agro-industrial residues, extension of shelf life, and use of new technologies are ways to reduce food waste, all contributing to higher sustainability in food supply chains, leading to a more rational use of natural resources. The unquestionable role of bees as pollinators and contributors to biodiversity is adjacent to characterizing beekeeping activities, which in turn contributes, together with the valorization of endemic varieties of plant foods, to the development of local communities. Finally, the short circuits and local food markets have a decisive role in the preservation and enhancement of rural economies.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

CERNAS – Current Evolution and Research Novelty in Agricultural Sustainability

This book addresses original studies and reviews focused on the current evolution and research novelty in agricultural sustainability. New developments are discussed on issues related with quality of soil, natural fertilizers or the sustainable use of land and water. Also crop protection techniques are pivotal for the sustainable food production under the challenges of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, allied to innovative weed control methodologies, as a way to reduce the utilization of pesticides. The role of precision and smart agriculture is becoming more pertinent as the communication technologies improve at a high rate. Waste management, reuse of agro industrial residues, extension of shelf life and use of new technologies are ways to reduce food waste, all contributing to a higher sustainability of the food supply chains, leading to a more rational use of natural resources. The unquestionable role of bees as pollinators and contributors for biodiversity is subjacent to the work of characterization of beekeeping activities, which in turn contribute, together with the valorization of endemic varieties of plant foods, for the development of local communities. Finally, the short circuits and local food markets have a decisive role in the preservation and enhancement of rural economies.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Federal Register

Daily publication of the U.S. Office of the Federal Register contains rules and regulations, proposed legislation and rule changes, and other notices, including "Presidential proclamations and Executive Orders, Federal agency documents having general applicability and legal effect, documents required to be published by act of Congress, and other Federal agency documents of public interest" (p. ii). Table of Contents starts on page iii