3,288 research outputs found
Adaptive Broadcasting Method Using Neighbor Type Information in Wireless Sensor Networks
Flooding is the simplest and most effective way to disseminate a packet to all nodes in a wireless sensor network (WSN). However, basic flooding makes all nodes transmit the packet at least once, resulting in the broadcast storm problem in a worst case, and in turn, network resources are severely wasted. Particularly, power is the most valuable resource of WSNs as nodes are powered by batteries, then the waste of energy by the basic flooding lessens the lifetime of WSNs. In order to solve the broadcast storm problem, this paper proposes a dynamic probabilistic flooding that utilizes the neighbor information like the numbers of child and sibling nodes. In general, the more sibling nodes there are, the higher is the probability that a broadcast packet may be sent by one of the sibling nodes. The packet is not retransmitted by itself, though. Meanwhile, if a node has many child nodes its retransmission probability should be high to achieve the high packet delivery ratio. Therefore, these two terms—the numbers of child and sibling nodes—are adopted in the proposed method in order to attain more reliable flooding. The proposed method also adopts the back-off delay scheme to avoid collisions between close neighbors. Simulation results prove that the proposed method outperforms previous flooding methods in respect of the number of duplicate packets and packet delivery ratio
Katakan tidak pada rasuah
Isu atau masalah rasuah menjadi topik utama sama ada di peringkat antarabangsa mahupun di peringkat dalam negara. Pertubuhan Bangsa- bangsa Bersatu menegaskan komitmen komuniti antarabangsa bertegas untuk mencegah dan mengawal rasuah melalui buku bertajuk United Nations Convention against Corruption. Hal yang sama berlaku di Malaysia. Melalui pernyataan visi oleh mantan Perdana Menteri Malaysia, Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamed memberikan indikasi bahawa kerajaan Malaysia komited untuk mencapai aspirasi agar Malaysia dikenali kerana integriti dan bukannya rasuah. Justeru, tujuan penulisan bab ini adalah untuk membincangkan rasuah dari beberapa sudut termasuk perbincangan dari sudut agama Islam, faktor-faktor berlakunya gejala rasuah, dan usaha-usaha yang dijalankan di Malaysia untuk membanteras gejala rasuah. Perkara ini penting bagi mengenalpasti penjawat awam menanamkan keyakinan dalam melaksanakan tanggungjawab dengan menghindari diri daripada rasuah agar mereka sentiasa peka mengutamakan kepentingan awam
Motorized cart
Motorized cart is known as an effective tool and timeless that help people carry heavy loads. For farmers, it has an especially vital tool for moving goods. Oil palm farmers typically uses the wheelbarrow to move the oil palm fruit (Figure 10.1). However, there is a lack of equipment that should be further enhanced in capabilities. Motorized carts that seek to add automation to wheelbarrow as it is to help people save manpower while using it. At present, oil palm plantation industry is among the largest in Malaysia. However, in an effort to increase the prestige of the industry to a higher level there are challenges to be faced. Shortage of workers willing to work the farm for harvesting oil palm has given pain to manage oil palm plantations. Many have complained about the difficulty of hiring foreign workers and a high cost. Although there are tools that can be used to collect or transfer the proceeds of oil palm fruits such as carts available. However, these tools still have the disadvantage that requires high manpower to operate. Moreover, it is not suitable for all land surfaces and limited cargo space. Workload and manpower dependence has an impact on farmers' income
Improving Routing Efficiency through Intermediate Target Based Geographic Routing
The greedy strategy of geographical routing may cause the local minimum
problem when there is a hole in the routing area. It depends on other
strategies such as perimeter routing to find a detour path, which can be long
and result in inefficiency of the routing protocol. In this paper, we propose a
new approach called Intermediate Target based Geographic Routing (ITGR) to
solve the long detour path problem. The basic idea is to use previous
experience to determine the destination areas that are shaded by the holes. The
novelty of the approach is that a single forwarding path can be used to
determine a shaded area that may cover many destination nodes. We design an
efficient method for the source to find out whether a destination node belongs
to a shaded area. The source then selects an intermediate node as the tentative
target and greedily forwards packets to it, which in turn forwards the packet
to the final destination by greedy routing. ITGR can combine multiple shaded
areas to improve the efficiency of representation and routing. We perform
simulations and demonstrate that ITGR significantly reduces the routing path
length, compared with existing geographic routing protocols
A modified broadcast strategy for distributed signal estimation in a wireless sensor network with a tree topology
We envisage a wireless sensor network (WSN) where each node is tasked with estimating a set of node-specific desired signals that has been corrupted by additive noise. The nodes accomplish this estimation by means of the distributed adaptive node-specific estimation (DANSE) algorithm in a tree topology (T-DANSE). In this paper, we consider a network where there is at least one node with a large (virtually infinite) energy budget, which we select as the root node. We propose a modification to the signal flow of the T-DANSE algorithm where instead of each node having two-way signal communication, there is a single signal flow toward the root node of the tree topology which then broadcasts a single signal to all other nodes. We demonstrate that the modified algorithm is equivalent to the original T-DANSE algorithm in terms of the signal estimation performance, shifts a large part of the communication burden toward the high-power root node to reduce the energy consumption in the low-power nodes and reduces the input-output delay
Dissimilarity metric based on local neighboring information and genetic programming for data dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs)
This paper presents a novel dissimilarity metric based on local neighboring information
and a genetic programming approach for efficient data dissemination in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
(VANETs). The primary aim of the dissimilarity metric is to replace the Euclidean distance in
probabilistic data dissemination schemes, which use the relative Euclidean distance among vehicles
to determine the retransmission probability. The novel dissimilarity metric is obtained by applying a
metaheuristic genetic programming approach, which provides a formula that maximizes the Pearson
Correlation Coefficient between the novel dissimilarity metric and the Euclidean metric in several
representative VANET scenarios. Findings show that the obtained dissimilarity metric correlates with
the Euclidean distance up to 8.9% better than classical dissimilarity metrics. Moreover, the obtained
dissimilarity metric is evaluated when used in well-known data dissemination schemes, such as
p-persistence, polynomial and irresponsible algorithm. The obtained dissimilarity metric achieves
significant improvements in terms of reachability in comparison with the classical dissimilarity
metrics and the Euclidean metric-based schemes in the studied VANET urban scenarios
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