User-centred design of flexible hypermedia for a mobile guide: Reflections on the hyperaudio experience

A user-centred design approach involves end-users from the very beginning. Considering users at the early stages compels designers to think in terms of utility and usability and helps develop the system on what is actually needed. This paper discusses the case of HyperAudio, a context-sensitive adaptive and mobile guide to museums developed in the late 90s. User requirements were collected via a survey to understand visitors’ profiles and visit styles in Natural Science museums. The knowledge acquired supported the specification of system requirements, helping defining user model, data structure and adaptive behaviour of the system. User requirements guided the design decisions on what could be implemented by using simple adaptable triggers and what instead needed more sophisticated adaptive techniques, a fundamental choice when all the computation must be done on a PDA. Graphical and interactive environments for developing and testing complex adaptive systems are discussed as a further step towards an iterative design that considers the user interaction a central point. The paper discusses how such an environment allows designers and developers to experiment with different system’s behaviours and to widely test it under realistic conditions by simulation of the actual context evolving over time. The understanding gained in HyperAudio is then considered in the perspective of the developments that followed that first experience: our findings seem still valid despite the passed time

Understanding the fidelity effect when evaluating games with children

There have been a number of studies that have compared evaluation results from prototypes of different fidelities but very few of these are with children. This paper reports a comparative study of three prototypes ranging from low fidelity to high fidelity within the context of mobile games, using a between subject design with 37 participants aged 7 to 9. The children played a matching game on either an iPad, a paper prototype using screen shots of the actual game or a sketched version. Observational data was captured to establish the usability problems, and two tools from the Fun Toolkit were used to measure user experience. The results showed that there was little difference for user experience between the three prototypes and very few usability problems were unique to a specific prototype. The contribution of this paper is that children using low-fidelity prototypes can effectively evaluate games of this genre and style

Digital library access for illiterate users

The problems that illiteracy poses in accessing information are gaining attention from the research community. Issues currently being explored include developing an understanding of the barriers to information acquisition experienced by different groups of illiterate information seekers; creating technology, such as software interfaces, that support illiterate users effectively; and tailoring content to increase its accessibility. We have taken a formative evaluation approach to developing and evaluating a digital library interface for illiterate users. We discuss modifications to the Greenstone platform, describe user studies and outline resulting design implications

Health Figures: An Open Source JavaScript Library for Health Data Visualization

The way we look at data has a great impact on how we can understand it, particularly when the data is related to health and wellness. Due to the increased use of self-tracking devices and the ongoing shift towards preventive medicine, better understanding of our health data is an important part of improving the general welfare of the citizens. Electronic Health Records, self-tracking devices and mobile applications provide a rich variety of data but it often becomes difficult to understand. We implemented the hFigures library inspired on the hGraph visualization with additional improvements. The purpose of the library is to provide a visual representation of the evolution of health measurements in a complete and useful manner. We researched the usefulness and usability of the library by building an application for health data visualization in a health coaching program. We performed a user evaluation with Heuristic Evaluation, Controlled User Testing and Usability Questionnaires. In the Heuristics Evaluation the average response was 6.3 out of 7 points and the Cognitive Walkthrough done by usability experts indicated no design or mismatch errors. In the CSUQ usability test the system obtained an average score of 6.13 out of 7, and in the ASQ usability test the overall satisfaction score was 6.64 out of 7. We developed hFigures, an open source library for visualizing a complete, accurate and normalized graphical representation of health data. The idea is based on the concept of the hGraph but it provides additional key features, including a comparison of multiple health measurements over time. We conducted a usability evaluation of the library as a key component of an application for health and wellness monitoring. The results indicate that the data visualization library was helpful in assisting users in understanding health data and its evolution over time.Comment: BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 16.1 (2016

An immersive virtual reality task with physical movement for the assessment of spatial memory

Tesis por compendioLa Realidad Virtual (RV) aún no se ha explotado en la evaluación de la memoria espacial. Los sistemas actuales de RV para la evaluación de la memoria espacial incluyen interacción mediante el uso de dispositivos tradicionales (por ejemplo, pantallas y teclados). Este tipo de interacción clásica con el sistema es ineficaz porque la sensación de presencia del usuario es muy pobre. Si el usuario no tiene la sensación de "estar ahí" en el entorno virtual, es posible que la memoria espacial no se evalúe correctamente. Por tanto, desarrollar un sistema que permita a los participantes estar activos en el entorno virtual, podría evaluar la memoria espacial de la misma forma que se puede evaluar en un entorno real. El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue diseñar, desarrollar y validar un sistema inmersivo de RV en el que el usuario pueda interactuar mediante movimiento físico. El entorno virtual se diseñó a partir de una ciudad con forma cuadrada. La tarea cognitiva, basada en dicho entorno, constaba de seis niveles. El objetivo de los niveles para la tarea principal era evaluar la memoria a corto plazo de los niños para la localización de objetos en el entorno virtual. El sistema de RV incorporó dos tipos de interacción. 1) Una condición física activa (caminar físicamente sobre una Wii Balance Board y cambiar la dirección girando un volante inalámbrico). 2) Una condición inactiva (estando de pie y usando un gamepad). Para la visualización de la tarea, se utilizó una pantalla grande y estéreo. Para la validación, se realizaron dos estudios (N=212). El rendimiento de nuestra tarea se comparó con métodos tradicionales. Se encontraron correlaciones entre nuestra tarea y los métodos tradicionales, lo que indica que nuestra tarea ha demostrado ser una herramienta válida para evaluar la memoria espacial a corto plazo en niños. Con respecto al tipo de interacción, los resultados mostraron que no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas con respecto a la puntuación obtenida en nuestra tarea y en función de la interacción utilizada. Éste es un buen resultado porque significa que la tarea es adecuada para la evaluación de la memoria espacial y que los dos tipos de interacción se pueden utilizar para este fin. Con respecto a las diferencias de género en la puntuación de la tarea y Corsi Block Tapping Test, los resultados indicaron que no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas para el género. Con respecto a facilidad de uso y satisfacción, se demostró que el uso de la condición inactiva no difirió significativamente de la condición física activa para las preguntas de usabilidad y satisfacción. Previamente al desarrollo del sistema de RV mencionado, desarrollamos un sistema de RV, con interfaces de usuario naturales (NUI) y una pantalla autoestereoscópica, para aprendizaje dental. El sistema incluye dos modos: fondo neutro y mundo real. Este sistema fue validado con 33 estudiantes. Con este primer desarrollo, se adquirió el conocimiento necesario para poder afrontar el segundo desarrollo, núcleo de la tesis. Las siguientes conclusiones generales se extrajeron de los 2 desarrollos y los 3 estudios: Aprendizaje - Los sistemas de RV con autoestereoscopía, con diferentes fondos y NUI, han demostrado ser herramientas eficaces para aprender la morfología dental - Con este tipo de sistemas, los niños pueden aprender y, al mismo tiempo, pueden divertirse - La estereoscopía y NUI son apropiadas para el desarrollo de juegos educativos y pueden ser explotadas en su desarrollo Memoria espacial - Los sistemas de RV, con estereoscopía y dos interfaces de usuario diferentes, han demostrado ser herramientas fiables y efectivas para evaluar la memoria espacial en niños - Con este tipo de sistemas, los niños pueden ser evaluados mientras se divierten - Nuestra tarea y tareas similares podrían usarse para evaluación y entrenamiento de la memoria en niños y adultosLa Realitat Virtual (RV) encara no s'ha explotat en l'avaluació de la memòria espacial. Els sistemes actuals de RV per a l'avaluació de la memòria espacial inclouen interacció mitjançant l'ús de dispositius tradicionals (per exemple, pantalles, ratolins o teclats). Aquest tipus d'interacció clàssica amb el sistema és ineficaç perquè la sensació de presència de l'usuari és molt pobre. Si l'usuari no té la sensació de "ser-hi" en l'entorn virtual, és possible que la memòria espacial no siga avaluada correctament. Per tant, desenvolupar un sistema que permeta als participants estar actius en l'entorn virtual, podria avaluar la memòria espacial de la mateixa manera que es pot avaluar en un entorn real. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi va ser dissenyar, desenvolupar i validar un sistema immersiu de RV en el qual l'usuari puga interactuar mitjançant moviment físic. L'entorn virtual es va dissenyar a partir d'una ciutat amb forma quadrada. La tasca cognitiva constava de sis nivells. L'objectiu dels nivells per a la tasca principal era avaluar la memòria a curt termini dels xiquets per a la localització d'objectes en l'entorn virtual. El sistema de RV va incorporar dos tipus d'interacció. 1) Una condició física activa (caminar físicament sobre una Wii Balance Board i canviar la direcció girant un volant inalàmbric). 2) Una condició inactiva (estar dret i fent servir un gamepad). Per a la visualització de la tasca, es va utilitzar una pantalla gran i estèreo. Per a la validació, es van realitzar dos estudis (N=212). El rendiment de la nostra tasca es va comparar amb mètodes tradicionals. Es van trobar correlacions entre la nostra tasca i els mètodes tradicionals, el que indica que la nostra tasca ha demostrat ser una eina vàlida per avaluar la memòria espacial a curt termini en xiquets. Pel que fa al tipus d'interacció, els resultats van mostrar que no hi va haver diferències estadísticament significatives respecte a la puntuació obtinguda en la nostra tasca i en funció de la interacció utilitzada. Aquest és un bon resultat perquè significa que la tasca és adequada per a l'avaluació de la memòria espacial i que els dos tipus d'interacció es poden utilitzar per a aquest fi. Pel que fa a les diferències de gènere en la puntuació de la tasca i Corsi Block Tapping Test, els resultats van indicar que no hi va haver diferències estadísticament significatives per al gènere. Pel que fa a facilitat d'ús i satisfacció, els nostres estudis han demostrat que l'ús de la condició inactiva no va diferir significativament de la condició física activa per a les preguntes d'usabilitat i satisfacció. Prèviament al desenvolupament del sistema de RV esmentat, vam desenvolupar un sistema de RV, amb interfícies d'usuari naturals (NUI) i una pantalla autoestereoscòpica, per aprenentatge dental. El sistema inclou dos tipus de fons: fons neutre i món real. Aquest sistema va ser validat amb 33 estudiants. Amb aquest primer desenvolupament, es va adquirir el coneixement necessari per poder afrontar el segon desenvolupament, nucli de la tesi. Les següents conclusions generals es van extraure dels dos desenvolupaments i els tres estudis: Aprenentatge - Els sistemes de RV amb autoestereoscòpia, amb diferents fons i NUI, han demostrat ser eines eficaces per a aprendre la morfologia dental - Amb aquest tipus de sistemes, els xiquets poden aprendre i, al mateix temps, poden divertir-se - La estereoscòpia i NUI són apropiades per al desenvolupament de jocs educatius i poden ser explotades en el seu desenvolupament Memòria espacial - Els sistemes de RV, amb estereoscòpia i dues interfícies d'usuari diferents, han demostrat ser eines fiables i efectives per avaluar la memòria espacial en xiquets - Amb aquest tipus de sistemes, els xiquets poden ser avaluats mentre es diverteixen - La nostra tasca i tasques similars podrien usar-se per avaluació i entrenament de la memòria en xiquet i adultsVirtual Reality (VR) has not yet been exploited in the assessment of spatial memory. Current VR systems for the assessment of spatial memory include interaction by using traditional devices (e.g., computer screens, mouses or keyboards). This classical type of interaction with the system is ineffective because the user's sense of presence is very poor. If the user does not have the feeling of "being there" in the virtual environment, the spatial memory may not be assessed correctly. The user's physical movement can contribute to a high level of presence. Therefore, by developing a system that allows the participants to become active in a virtual environment, spatial memory can be assessed as the same way it could be evaluated in a real environment. The main objective of this thesis was to design, develop and validate an immersive VR system in which the user could interact by physical movements. The virtual environment was designed based on a city square. The cognitive task, based on this environment, comprised six levels. The goal of the levels for the main task was to assess children short-term memory for object location in the virtual environment. The VR system incorporated two types of interaction. 1) A physical active condition (physically walking on a Wii Balance Board and changing the direction by turning a wireless steering wheel). 2) An inactive condition (stand up and use a gamepad). For the visualization of the task, a large stereo screen was used. For the validation, two studies were carried out. The performance of our task was compared with traditional methods (the Corsi Block Tapping Test). We carried out two studies involving 212 children. Correlations were found between our task and traditional methods, indicating that our task has proven to be a valid tool for assessing spatial short-term memory in children. With regard to the interaction type, the results showed that there were no statistically significant differences regarding the score obtained in our task based on the interaction used (inactive condition vs. physical active condition). Although unexpected, this is a good result because it means that the task is well suited for the assessment of spatial memory and that the two interaction types can be used for this purpose. With regard to gender differences in the task score and the Corsi Block Tapping Test, the results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences for gender. With regard to usability and satisfaction, our studies have shown that the use of the inactive condition did not differ significantly from the physical active condition for the usability and satisfaction questions. Previously to the development of the mentioned VR system, we developed a VR system, with Natural User Interfaces (NUI) and an autostereoscopic screen, for dental learning. The system included two modes: neutral and real world background. This system was validated with 33 dentistry students. With this first development, the required knowledge for facing the second development, core of the thesis, was acquired. The following general conclusions were extracted from the two developments and the three studies: Learning - Autostereoscopic VR systems, with different background modes and NUI, have proven to be effective tools for learning teeth morphology - With this type of systems, children can learn and at the same time, they can have a good time - Stereoscopy and NUI are appropriated for developing educational games and they can be exploited in their development Spatial memory - VR systems, with stereoscopy and two different user interfaces (inactive and physical active conditions), have proven to be reliable and effective tools to assess spatial memory in children - With this type of systems, the children can be assessed meanwhile are having a good time - Our task and similar tasks could be used for assessment and training of spatial memory in children and adultsRodríguez Andrés, D. (2018). An immersive virtual reality task with physical movement for the assessment of spatial memory [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/114823TESISCompendi

How a Diverse Research Ecosystem Has Generated New Rehabilitation Technologies: Review of NIDILRR’s Rehabilitation Engineering Research Centers

Over 50 million United States citizens (1 in 6 people in the US) have a developmental, acquired, or degenerative disability. The average US citizen can expect to live 20% of his or her life with a disability. Rehabilitation technologies play a major role in improving the quality of life for people with a disability, yet widespread and highly challenging needs remain. Within the US, a major effort aimed at the creation and evaluation of rehabilitation technology has been the Rehabilitation Engineering Research Centers (RERCs) sponsored by the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research. As envisioned at their conception by a panel of the National Academy of Science in 1970, these centers were intended to take a “total approach to rehabilitation”, combining medicine, engineering, and related science, to improve the quality of life of individuals with a disability. Here, we review the scope, achievements, and ongoing projects of an unbiased sample of 19 currently active or recently terminated RERCs. Specifically, for each center, we briefly explain the needs it targets, summarize key historical advances, identify emerging innovations, and consider future directions. Our assessment from this review is that the RERC program indeed involves a multidisciplinary approach, with 36 professional fields involved, although 70% of research and development staff are in engineering fields, 23% in clinical fields, and only 7% in basic science fields; significantly, 11% of the professional staff have a disability related to their research. We observe that the RERC program has substantially diversified the scope of its work since the 1970’s, addressing more types of disabilities using more technologies, and, in particular, often now focusing on information technologies. RERC work also now often views users as integrated into an interdependent society through technologies that both people with and without disabilities co-use (such as the internet, wireless communication, and architecture). In addition, RERC research has evolved to view users as able at improving outcomes through learning, exercise, and plasticity (rather than being static), which can be optimally timed. We provide examples of rehabilitation technology innovation produced by the RERCs that illustrate this increasingly diversifying scope and evolving perspective. We conclude by discussing growth opportunities and possible future directions of the RERC program

Adaptive Tele-Therapies Based on Serious Games for Health for People with Time-Management and Organisational Problems: Preliminary Results

Attention Deficit with Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent disorders within the child population today. Inattention problems can lead to greater difficulties in completing assignments, as well as problems with time management and prioritisation of tasks. This article presents an intelligent tele-therapy tool based on Serious Games for Health, aimed at the improvement of time management skills and the prioritisation of tasks. This tele-system is based on the use of decision trees within Django, a high-level Python Web framework. The technologies and techniques used were selected so as to boost user involvement and to enable the system to be easily customised. This article shows the preliminary results of the pilot-phase in an experiment performed to evaluate the use of adaptive tele-therapies within a group of typically developing children and adolescents aged between 12 and 19 years old without ADHD. To do so, we relied on the collection of parameters and the conduct of surveys for assessing time management skills, as well as measuring system usability and availability. The results of a time management survey highlighted that the users involved in the trial did not use any specific or effective time management techniques, scoring 1.98 and 2.30 out of 5 points in this area for ages under 15 and over 16 years old, respectively. The final calculations based on the usability questionnaire resulted in an average score of 78.75 out of 100. The creation of a customisable tool capable of working with different skills, in conjunction with the replication of the current study, may help to understand these users’ needs, as well as boosting time management skills among teenagers with and without ADHD

Alter ego, state of the art on user profiling: an overview of the most relevant organisational and behavioural aspects regarding User Profiling.

This report gives an overview of the most relevant organisational and\ud behavioural aspects regarding user profiling. It discusses not only the\ud most important aims of user profiling from both an organisation’s as\ud well as a user’s perspective, it will also discuss organisational motives\ud and barriers for user profiling and the most important conditions for\ud the success of user profiling. Finally recommendations are made and\ud suggestions for further research are given