Tobacco where you live : native communities

The goal of Tobacco Where You Live is to empower tobacco control program managers, staff, and partners to understand how commercial tobacco use varies within their communities, overcome challenges, and reduce disparities. Each Tobacco Where You Live brief will cover a topic important to reduce commercial tobacco use in communities with the highest prevalence.The Native Communities brief focuses on how to reduce commercial tobacco use disparities among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations. This brief provides information to help you:\u2022 Develop strong relationships with Native leaders and members\u2022 Communicate the harms of commercial tobacco and respect the use of traditional tobacco\u2022 Work with tribes to tailor strategies to reflect their unique cultures, capacities, and challengesIn this brief, use of the term Native applies to both American Indian and Alaska Native people, unless otherwise indicated.The Best Practices User Guides project is funded by CDC contract 75D30120C09195. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of CDC. References to non-CDC sites and the use of advertisements and images do not constitute or imply endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. CDC is not responsible for the content of pages found at external sites. URL addresses listed were current as of the date of publication.Suggested citation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tobacco Where You Live: Native Communities. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2022.native-communities-508.pdfCDC contract 75D30120C0919

Tobacco control state highlights: 2010

Tobacco use is the single most preventable cause of death in the United States. Each year in the United States, cigarette smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke causes 443,000--or 1 in 5 deaths. Economic losses are also staggering. Smoking-caused diseases result in $96 billion in health care costs annually. Some states have significantly improved the health of their citizens by reducing smoking rates, thereby decreasing smoking-related diseases, deaths, and health care costs. Even in economically challenging times, states can make a significant difference in public health by employing high-impact, cost-effective tobacco control and prevention strategies to: Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies; Protect people from tobacco smoke; Offer help to quit tobacco use; Warn people about the dangers of tobacco; Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship; Raise state cigarette taxes on tobacco. Tobacco Control State Highlights 2010 guides states in developing and implementing high-impact strategies and assessing their performance. This report also provides state-specific data intended to: 1.) Highlight how some states are making great strides in reducing smoking rates using evidence-based strategies while also showing that more work needs to be done in other states; 2.) Enable readers to see how their own states perform; 3.) Help policymakers with decision making.Foreword -- Executive summary -- Introduction -- Indicators and summary of findings -- Datasources, definitions and interpretation -- Selected indicators by rank and state -- Datafor all indicators by stateTitle from title screen (viewed Apr. 30, 2010)Mode of access: Internet from the CDC web site.Includes bibliographical references (p. 231-232).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tobacco Control State Highlights, 2010. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2010

Tobacco control state highlights 2010

Tobacco use is the single most preventable cause of death in the United States. Each year in the United States, cigarette smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke causes 443,000--or 1 in 5 deaths. Economic losses are also staggering. Smoking-caused diseases result in $96 billion in health care costs annually. Some states have significantly improved the health of their citizens by reducing smoking rates, thereby decreasing smoking-related diseases, deaths, and health care costs. Even in economically challenging times, states can make a significant difference in public health by employing high-impact, cost-effective tobacco control and prevention strategies to: Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies; Protect people from tobacco smoke; Offer help to quit tobacco use; Warn people about the dangers of tobacco; Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship; Raise state cigarette taxes on tobacco. Tobacco Control State Highlights 2010 guides states in developing and implementing high-impact strategies and assessing their performance. This report also provides state-specific data intended to: 1.) Highlight how some states are making great strides in reducing smoking rates using evidence-based strategies while also showing that more work needs to be done in other states; 2.) Enable readers to see how their own states perform; 3.) Help policymakers with decision making.Suggested citation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tobacco Control State Highlights, 2010. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2010.Foreword -- Executive summary -- Introduction -- Indicators and summary of findings -- Datasources, definitions and interpretation -- Selected indicators by rank and state -- Datafor all indicators by state.Surveillance and InvestigationChronic Diseas

THE RESILIENCE OF AMERICAN INDIAN AND ALASKA NATIVE OLDER ADULTS IN THE CONTEXT OF MAJOR HEALTH DISPARITIES IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, DIABETES, ASTHMA, AND ARTHRITIS: A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Background: Multiple major health disparities have been documented in Indian Country, including cardiovascular disease (Howard et al., 1999), diabetes (Acton et al., 2003), asthma (Mannino et al., 2002), and arthritis (Barbour et al., 2017). Prior research has shown that the prevalence rates of these conditions in American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) are among the highest in the United States. Given these health disparities, aging older adults in Indian Country may be especially vulnerable to the development of concurrent negative mental health outcomes, particularly depression (Garrett et al., 2015). Nonetheless, AI/AN older adults continue to age successfully and exhibit substantial mental health resilience in the face of the major health disparities (Lewis, 2016; Schure et al., 2013). Methods: The current study begins with a detailed overview of CVD, diabetes, arthritis, and asthma in Indian Country. The study transitions to a narrative review of resilience in American Indian, Alaska Native, and Canadian First Nations older adults (50 years and older). The goals of the narrative review are to: (a) examine the state of knowledge of resilience in these populations; (b) assess the degree to which the available resilience literature attends to CVD, diabetes, asthma, and arthritis; and (c) use the available literature to identify resilience strategies that can be used to enhance resilience in AI/AN/FN older adults with chronic health conditions. Results: Based on systematic reviews of PsycINFO and PubMed, 14 individual articles and 6 literature reviews were identified. The individual studies included five quantitative studies, eight qualitative studies, and one mixed qualitative-quantitative design. The current state of knowledge on resilience in AI/AN/FN older adults is summarized, including seven common themes. Currently, research on the overlap between these four specific health disparities and resilience is essentially non-existent in these populations. Sources of resilience and resilience strategies in AI/AN/FN older adults are presented under four main themes: (a) social support, connectedness, family, and community; (b) Indigenous culture and identity; (c) spiritual connection and strength; and (d) positive coping and personal healing. The review concludes with a critical examination of the limitations of the current literature and outlines future research directions

Energy-efficient homes in Alaska: historical and contemporary perspectives on adaptation and innovation

Thesis (Ph.D.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2017Global climate change is largely caused by greenhouse gas emissions from anthropogenic sources. The building industry is responsible for over 40% of global carbon emissions. Almost half of the energy consumption in buildings is from space heating and cooling. The incorporation of energy efficiency in homes has a large potential to mitigate future climate change impacts while at the same time aiding household members to adapt to the effects of global change. This dissertation explores this potential in Alaska, where in addition to climate change impacts, residents are vulnerable to high oil prices affecting not only their energy security, but also their health, food security, and sense of place. This interdisciplinary dissertation explores the viability of Alaskan energy-efficient homes from social, economic, and environmental perspectives. In the following chapters, I first use a conceptual model of energy security that is adopted from the food security literature to determine that a significant segment of Alaska is in an energy-insecure state. This is predominantly due to expensive fuel, overreliance on fuel imports, inefficient uses of heating fuel, and a legacy of inefficient homes. Next, I provide a historical survey of Alaskan homes from pre-contact dwellings to modern era homes. Some of the pre-contact homes' energy efficiency features have been reintroduced in some modern homes, such as a small square-foot-to-occupant ratio, passive solar design, arctic entrance, round or octagonal building layout, using earth berming, sand dunes, and snow banks as natural insulation, permafrost lined cellars, subterranean building style, thermal mass, and shared stone walls between rooms. Third, I discuss interviews conducted with homeowners of highly energy-efficient homes and other stakeholders in the building-, real estate- and financing industry, which reveal several barriers to the adoption of this building style innovation. The predominant barriers are lack of information and education on this building style by homeowners, designers, and builders; economic disincentive due to a low appraisal value; and a psychological mindset resisting change. Finally, I use a case study of a highly energy-efficient home in Dillingham, Alaska to exemplify the carbon payback point. Using a life cycle assessment approach, I calculated that within 3.3 years the highly energy-efficient house has reached carbon parity when compared to a conventional counterpart house. Collectively, I build on these findings to recommend improvements in education about the benefits of energy efficiency, an overhaul of the appraisal system, and a careful consideration of the psychological aspects of embracing innovations in an effort to facilitate wider adoption of highly energy-efficient homes in Alaska.Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1. Global impacts of climate change -- 1.1.1. Climate change mitigation -- 1.2. Built environment -- 1.2.1. Buildings and energy -- 1.2.2. Buildings and health -- 1.2.3. Buildings and environmental impacts -- 1.3. Alaska : the canary in the coal mine -- 1.3.1. Energy security in Alaska -- 1.3.2. Effects of energy consumption on food security and health -- 1.3.3. Residential housing legacy -- 1.3.4. Adaptation strategies -- 1.4. Research goal and methods -- 1.4.1. Conceptual framework -- 1.5. Chapter outlines -- 1.6. References. Chapter 2: Defining energy security in the rural North: historical and contemporary perspectives from Alaska -- 2.1. Abstract -- 2.2. Introduction -- 2.3. Conceptual background -- 2.4. Energy security definition and framework -- 2.4.1. A framework for energy security -- 2.5. Energy security in the pre-contact North -- 2.5.1. Homes and households -- 2.5.2. Food systems linkages -- 2.5.3. Colonial changes -- 2.6. Contemporary energy security concerns in Alaska -- 2.6.1. Food-energy interactions -- 2.6.2. Household and municipal uses -- 2.6.3. Stability -- 2.7. Discussion -- 2.8. Conclusion -- References. Chapter 3: The evolution of home energy efficiency in Alaska -- 3.1. Abstract -- 3.2. Introduction -- 3.3. Concepts and methods -- 3.4. Historical survey of home design in Alaska -- 3.4.1. Pre-colonial home designs -- 3.4.2. Settlers' influences on architecture -- 3.4.3. Modern era homes -- 3.5. Elements of adaptation strategies -- 3.5.1. Occupancy rates -- 3.5.2. Indoor thermal comfort -- 3.7. Discussion -- 3.8. Conclusion -- 3.9. References. Chapter 4: To build or not to build: highly energy-efficient homes in Alaska -- 4.1. Abstract -- 4.2 Introduction -- 4.3. Background and framework -- 4.4. Methods -- 4.5. Results -- 4.5.1. Adopter group -- 4.5.2. Social networks and knowledge sharing -- 4.5.3. Barriers -- 4.6. Discussion -- 4.6.1. Recommendations -- 4.7. Conclusion -- 4.8. Reference. Chapter 5: Conducting life cycle assessment (LCA) to determine carbon payback: a case study of a highly energy-efficient house in rural Alaska -- 5.1. Abstract -- 5.2. Introduction -- 5.2.1. Case study overview -- 5.3. Materials and methods -- 5.3.1. Case study home -- 5.3.2. Life cycle assessment for buildings -- 5.4. Calculation -- 5.4.1. Details of LCA -- 5.4.2. Parameters and system boundaries -- 5.4.3. Materials -- 5.4.4. Disposal scenario -- 5.5. Results and discussion -- 5.5.1. LCA results -- 5.5.2. Carbon payback -- 5.5.3. Calculation and results -- 5.5.4. Disposal of building materials -- 5.6. Reflection on analysis -- 5.7. Conclusion -- 5.8. References. Chapter 6: Conclusion -- 6.1 Key Findings -- 6.2 Recommendations -- 6.3 References -- Appendices

Changing seasons of resistance: impacts of settler colonialism and climate change in indigenous worlds

This paper looks at the relationship between neoliberal capitalism, genocide, the biopolitics of settler colonialism and the impacts of climate change on the cultures and traditional lifeways of Indigenous communities. It also explores Indigenous modes and methods of adaptation and resilience. Climate Change is almost certainly the most urgent social problem in the history of human life on planet Earth. Many Indigenous people are more vulnerable to the effects of climate change due to marginalization and their commitment to land-based practices. Using in depth interviews with Indigenous Peoples, primarily from the Pacific Northwest, and the analysis of existing literature, this paper will attempt to find answers to the question of how capitalism, the practice of genocide, settler colonialism and displacement of Indigenous peoples are connected. It will also seek answers to how these processes have contributed to the climate crisis and bring to the forefront how Indigenous people are resisting corporate and governmental attempts to continue capitalistic projects that emit greenhouse gases and deplete natural resources

Women, Health, And Aging In Yup'Ik/Cup'Ik Culture

Thesis (M.A.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2003Knowledge of cultural beliefs about health and how they influence life choices and intervention is essential in forming health policy and health promotion programs to meet the growing needs of aging minority populations. This thesis explores cultural beliefs, experiences, and expectations of health and well-being of Yup'ik/Cup'ik women in two rural communities in southwestern Alaska. Interviews were conducted with fifteen women to address two key research questions: (1) how Yup'ik/Cup'ik women define health and well-being; and (2) what environmental, social, and cultural factors contribute to healthy Yup'ik/Cup'ik aging. While many health beliefs and practices appear very different from those current in research on aging, many commonalities and similarities emerge-concern for family, importance of physical activity and healthy diet, and need for social support. A significant finding of this study is that traditional Yup'ik/Cup'ik ways of living parallels that of current research findings on healthy aging in mainstream populations. <p

How Alaska Natives Learn

I have examined 47 articles that related to Alaska Native/American Indian education and culturally responsive education. I found problems in K-12 education for Alaska Natives; historical contexts; cultural context; building bridges; and the future for K-12 education for Alaska Natives were common themes throughout my review of the literature. Problems with education was established 200 years ago and Alaska Natives still perform lower than their non-Native counterparts; historical context tells a story of past Native educational and mainstream practices; cultural context can play a positive role in closing the achievement gap through language, culture, and involving the community; building bridges can occur between Native and non-Native systems by using best practices and local ways of knowing in a diverse cultural climate; and looking forward by changing K-12 education for Alaska Natives through involving Native parents, communities, educators, and universities as equal collaborators in education for Alaska Natives

Understanding Mental and Behavioral Health of American Indian Youth: An Application of the Social Convoy Model

Objective: The purpose of this dissertation was to examine three distinct, yet related studies. The primary focus of each chapter is the examination of mental and behavioral health among North American Indigenous (American Indian, Alaska Native, and Canadian First Nations) youth - motivated by relational perspectives. Method: Data for this dissertation came from baseline data of a larger randomized control trial of a culturally adapted evidence-based substance use prevention program among 375 youth and 304 caregivers across four reservations that share a similar language, history, and culture. Study 1 Results: The aim was to examine caregiver and youth agreement on internalizing and externalizing symptoms and identify unique predictors of agreement between youth and caregiver. This study shows that caregivers perceive significantly fewer internalizing symptoms compared to youth self-reports. Externalizing problems, were not significantly different between caregivers and youth. Diverging patterns are found that significantly reduce disagreement for internalizing compared to externalizing. Study 2 Results: The aim was to examine the role of sibling influence on problem behavior. Using a dyadic approach, bivariate analyses as well as actor-partner interdependence models (APIM) were conducted. Correlations suggest self-reported happiness with female caregiver is associated with externalizing behavior. Older siblings showed significant within group differences for externalizing problem behavior scores based on caregiver education level–caregivers with college degree or higher indicating the highest average externalizing scores relative to other education categories. No sibling/actor influences were noted in the API Models. Study 3 Results: The purpose of this study was to explore problem behavior among Indigenous youth using individual social convoy characteristics as predictors of externalizing behavior. Consistent with the extant literature, females, when compared to male counterparts, had significantly lower externalizing problem behavior. Self-reported mastery remains significant in multivariate regression analyses. Interaction between network size and being connected to a caregiver in the networks is also a significant predictor of externalizing behavior. Conclusion: These three studies individually and collectively demonstrate the benefits of taking a relational approach to understand problem behaviors among Indigenous youth. Further, this dissertation fosters support for prevention models that aim to reduce mental and behavioral health problems in relational contexts. Advisors: Kirk Dombrowski and Dan Hoy

Native American Women Parenting Off Reservations: A Phenomenological Study

For each parent, raising a child is a daunting task and it is even a harder undertaking for parents belonging to minority communities due to discrimination, and limited occupational and educational opportunities. Prior studies have shown high dropout rates from high school among Native American (NA) women, resulting in a lack of basic knowledge about raising children. The purpose of this research study was to synthesize, analyze, and better understand the lived experiences of NA mothers who are raising their children outside the reservation. This qualitative study relied on 4 theories: historical trauma theory, systems theory, acculturation theory, and strengths perspective theory. The researcher interviewed 9 NA mothers from the federally recognized Crow Tribe of Montana who grew up on Indian reservations. The interviews were analyzed to develop emerging themes in NVivo 11 software, using the four-step method of inductive analysis described by Moustakas (2004). Using a phenomenological approach, the results revealed a subtheme that entailed personal, structural, and societal struggles of NA women living today. Exposure to their culture, feelings of being sheltered, and family relationships are critical for NA women. In a different environment, NA women experience acculturation stress; they feel disconnected and are challenged to maintain their relationships with relatives in the reservation. It is important to understand their challenges and lived experiences and to identify the root causes of these problems for positive social change. The results of the study demonstrated the need to further improve current policies, systems, and interventions focused on the cultural and environmental contexts of NA families living in more contemporary times