Volume 1 – Symposium: Tuesday, March 8

Group A: Digital Hydraulics Group B: Intelligent Control Group C: Valves Group D | G | K: Fundamentals Group E | H | L: Mobile Hydraulics Group F | I: Pumps Group M: Hydraulic Components:Group A: Digital Hydraulics Group B: Intelligent Control Group C: Valves Group D | G | K: Fundamentals Group E | H | L: Mobile Hydraulics Group F | I: Pumps Group M: Hydraulic Component

In-wheel motor vibration control for distributed-driven electric vehicles:A review

Efficient, safe, and comfortable electric vehicles (EVs) are essential for the creation of a sustainable transport system. Distributed-driven EVs, which often use in-wheel motors (IWMs), have many benefits with respect to size (compactness), controllability, and efficiency. However, the vibration of IWMs is a particularly important factor for both passengers and drivers, and it is therefore crucial for a successful commercialization of distributed-driven EVs. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review and state-of-the-art vibration-source-analysis and -mitigation methods in IWMs. First, selection criteria are given for IWMs, and a multidimensional comparison for several motor types is provided. The IWM vibration sources are then divided into internally-, and externally-induced vibration sources and discussed in detail. Next, vibration reduction methods, which include motor-structure optimization, motor controller, and additional control-components, are reviewed. Emerging research trends and an outlook for future improvement aims are summarized at the end of the paper. This paper can provide useful information for researchers, who are interested in the application and vibration mitigation of IWMs or similar topics

A comprehensive study of key Electric Vehicle (EV) components, technologies, challenges, impacts, and future direction of development

Abstract: Electric vehicles (EV), including Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), are becoming more commonplace in the transportation sector in recent times. As the present trend suggests, this mode of transport is likely to replace internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in the near future. Each of the main EV components has a number of technologies that are currently in use or can become prominent in the future. EVs can cause significant impacts on the environment, power system, and other related sectors. The present power system could face huge instabilities with enough EV penetration, but with proper management and coordination, EVs can be turned into a major contributor to the successful implementation of the smart grid concept. There are possibilities of immense environmental benefits as well, as the EVs can extensively reduce the greenhouse gas emissions produced by the transportation sector. However, there are some major obstacles for EVs to overcome before totally replacing ICE vehicles. This paper is focused on reviewing all the useful data available on EV configurations, battery energy sources, electrical machines, charging techniques, optimization techniques, impacts, trends, and possible directions of future developments. Its objective is to provide an overall picture of the current EV technology and ways of future development to assist in future researches in this sector

Intelligent traction motor control techniques for hybrid and electric vehicles

This thesis presents the research undertaken by the author within the field of intelligent traction motor control for Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) and Electric Vehicle (EV) applications. A robust Fuzzy Logic (FL) based traction motor field-orientated control scheme is developed which can control multiple motor topologies and HEV/EV powertrain architectures without the need for re-tuning. This control scheme can aid in the development of an HEV/EV and for continuous control of the traction motor/s in the final production vehicle. An overcurrent-tolerant traction motor sizing strategy is developed to gauge if a prospective motor’s torque and thermal characteristics can fulfil a vehicle’s target dynamic and electrical objectives during the early development stages of an HEV/EV. An industrial case study is presented. An on-line reduced switching multilevel inverter control scheme is investigated which increases the inverter’s efficiency while maintaining acceptable levels of output waveform harmonic distortion. A FL based vehicle stability control system is developed that improves the controllability and stability of an HEV/EV during an emergency braking manoeuvre. This system requires minimal vehicle parameters to be used within the control system, is insensitive to variable vehicle parameters and can be tuned to meet a vehicle’s target dynamic objectives

Electric Vehicle Efficient Power and Propulsion Systems

Vehicle electrification has been identified as one of the main technology trends in this second decade of the 21st century. Nearly 10% of global car sales in 2021 were electric, and this figure would be 50% by 2030 to reduce the oil import dependency and transport emissions in line with countries’ climate goals. This book addresses the efficient power and propulsion systems which cover essential topics for research and development on EVs, HEVs and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), including: Energy storage systems (battery, fuel cell, supercapacitors, and their hybrid systems); Power electronics devices and converters; Electric machine drive control, optimization, and design; Energy system advanced management methods Primarily intended for professionals and advanced students who are working on EV/HEV/FCEV power and propulsion systems, this edited book surveys state of the art novel control/optimization techniques for different components, as well as for vehicle as a whole system. New readers may also find valuable information on the structure and methodologies in such an interdisciplinary field. Contributed by experienced authors from different research laboratory around the world, these 11 chapters provide balanced materials from theorical background to methodologies and practical implementation to deal with various issues of this challenging technology. This reprint encourages researchers working in this field to stay actualized on the latest developments on electric vehicle efficient power and propulsion systems, for road and rail, both manned and unmanned vehicles

Proceedings of the 4th field robot event 2006, Stuttgart/Hohenheim, Germany, 23-24th June 2006

Zeer uitgebreid verslag van het 4e Fieldrobotevent, dat gehouden werd op 23 en 24 juni 2006 in Stuttgart/Hohenhei

Kinetic energy recovery and power management for hybrid electric vehicles

The major contribution of the work presented in this thesis is a thorough investigation of the constraints on regenerative braking and kinetic energy recovery enhancement for electric/hybrid electric vehicles during braking. Regenerative braking systems provide an opportunity to recycle the braking energy, which is otherwise dissipated as heat in the brake pads. However, braking energy harnessing is a relatively new concept in the automotive sector which still requires further research and development. Due to the operating constraints of the drivetrain architecture and the varying nature of the braking conditions, it is unlikely that all the stored kinetic energy of the vehicle can be recovered during braking.The research work in this thesis addresses the effect of braking conditions on kinetic energy recovery enhancement of the vehicle. The challenge in kinetic energy recovery enhancement lies in braking conditions, power/torque handling ability of the electric propulsion system, managing the dual braking systems, employed energy conversion techniques, and energy storage capacity. In this work a novel braking strategy is introduced to increase the involvement of the regenerative braking system, so as to increase the kinetic energy recovery while achieving the braking performance requirements. Initially mathematical modelling and simulation based analysis are presented to demonstrate the effects of braking power variation with respect to braking requirements. A novel braking strategy is proposed to increase the kinetic energy recovery during heavy braking events. The effectiveness of this braking strategy is analyzed using a simulation model developed in matlab- simulink environment. Anexperimental rig is developed to test various braking scenarios and their effects on kinetic energy recovery. A variety of braking scenarios are tested and results are presented with the analysis. At the end, suggestions are made to further continue this research in the future

Control strategies for blended braking in road vehicles. A study of control strategies for blended friction and regenerative braking in road vehicles based on maximising energy recovery while always meeting the driver demand.

In HEV and EV, higher fuel economy is achieved by operating the ICE and electric motor in the most efficient region and by using regenerative braking. Such a braking system converts, transfers, stores and reuses kinetic energy which would otherwise be dissipated as heat through friction brakes to the environment. This research investigates the control of braking for a mixed-mode braking system in a these vehicles based on the proportion of braking energy that can be stored. Achieving mixed-mode braking requires the ‘blending’ of the two systems (regenerative and friction), and in brake blending, the electric motor/generator (M/G) and the hydraulic actuation pressure are controlled together to meet the driver’s braking demand. The research presented here has established a new robust dynamic modelling procedure for the design of combined regenerative and hydraulic braking systems. Direct torque control and pressure control were selected as the control criteria in both brakes. Two simulation models have been developed in Matlab/Simulink to generate analysis the performance of the control strategy in the blended braking system. Integration of the regenerative braking system with ABS has also been completed, based on two conditions, with and without the deactivation of the regenerative braking. Verification of the models is presented, based on experimental work on two EVs manufactured by TATA Motors; the ACE light commercial vehicle and the VISTA small passenger car. It is concluded that braking demand and vehicle speed determine the operating point of the motor/generator and hence the regenerative braking ratio

Integrated Thermal Systems and Controls Modelling for AUTO Mode Simulation and Optimization

Virtual product development has become the preferred approach for vehicle A/C system development. The advantages provided by virtual modelling compared to traditional approach are accelerated development pace and reduced cost. The thesis focuses on virtual modelling of the A/C system on a SUV vehicle based on experimental data. A virtual model of the A/C system is constructed and calibrated in Simcenter Amesim. The model includes a vapour-compression refrigeration cycle and a cabin air model. The components are modelled and calibrated based on supplier data. The two thermal systems interact thermally at the evaporator level. The cabin air blower unit with a PI controller and a small DC motor is also modelled in MATLAB/Simulink. The virtual thermal model is able to simulate the cabin air temperature development during High Ambient AUTO mode drive cycle. The controlled DC motor system tracks reference speed to provide adequate air flow for the cabin. The virtual models can be used for A/C system and components performance analysis and optimization. The modelling process provides deeper understanding on thermal and control systems design

Hydraulic pressure and flow control of injection moulding

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