267,206 research outputs found
3D Modeling of the Magnetization of Superconducting Rectangular-Based Bulks and Tape Stacks
In recent years, numerical models have become popular and powerful tools to
investigate the electromagnetic behavior of superconductors. One domain where
this advances are most necessary is the 3D modeling of the electromagnetic
behavior of superconductors. For this purpose, a benchmark problem consisting
of superconducting cube subjected to an AC magnetic field perpendicular to one
of its faces has been recently defined and successfully solved. In this work, a
situation more relevant for applications is investigated: a superconducting
parallelepiped bulk with the magnetic field parallel to two of its faces and
making an angle with the other one without and with a further constraint on the
possible directions of the current. The latter constraint can be used to model
the magnetization of a stack of high-temperature superconductor tapes, which
are electrically insulated in one direction. For the present study three
different numerical approaches are used: the Minimum Electro-Magnetic Entropy
Production (MEMEP) method, the -formulation of Maxwell's equations and the
Volume Integral Method (VIM) for 3D eddy currents computation. The results in
terms of current density profiles and energy dissipation are compared, and the
differences in the two situations of unconstrained and constrained current flow
are pointed out. In addition, various technical issues related to the 3D
modeling of superconductors are discussed and information about the
computational effort required by each model is provided. This works constitutes
a concrete result of the collaborative effort taking place within the HTS
numerical modeling community and will hopefully serve as a stepping stone for
future joint investigations
Symmetry-break in Voronoi tessellations
We analyse in a common framework the properties of the Voronoi tessellations resulting from regular 2D and 3D crystals and those of tessellations generated by Poisson distributions of points, thus joining on symmetry breaking processes and the approach to uniform random distributions of seeds. We perturb crystalline structures in 2D and 3D with a spatial Gaussian noise whose adimensional strength is α and analyse the statistical properties of the cells of the resulting Voronoi tessellations using an ensemble approach. In 2D we consider triangular, square and hexagonal regular lattices, resulting into hexagonal, square and triangular tessellations, respectively. In 3D we consider the simple cubic (SC), body-centred cubic (BCC), and face-centred cubic (FCC) crystals, whose corresponding Voronoi cells are the cube, the truncated octahedron, and the rhombic dodecahedron, respectively. In 2D, for all values α>0, hexagons constitute the most common class of cells. Noise destroys the triangular and square tessellations, which are structurally unstable, as their topological properties are discontinuous in α=0. On the contrary, the honeycomb hexagonal tessellation is topologically stable and, experimentally, all Voronoi cells are hexagonal for small but finite noise with α0.5), memory of the specific initial unperturbed state is lost, because the statistical properties of the three perturbed regular tessellations are indistinguishable. When α>2, results converge to those of Poisson-Voronoi tessellations. In 2D, while the isoperimetric ratio increases with noise for the perturbed hexagonal tessellation, for the perturbed triangular and square tessellations it is optimised for specific value of noise intensity. The same applies in 3D, where noise degrades the isoperimetric ratio for perturbed FCC and BCC lattices, whereas the opposite holds for perturbed SCC lattices. This allows for formulating a weaker form of the Kelvin conjecture. By analysing jointly the statistical properties of the area and of the volume of the cells, we discover that also the cells shape heavily fluctuates when noise is introduced in the system. In 2D, the geometrical properties of n-sided cells change with α until the Poisson-Voronoi limit is reached for α>2; in this limit the Desch law for perimeters is shown to be not valid and a square root dependence on n is established, which agrees with exact asymptotic results. Anomalous scaling relations are observed between the perimeter and the area in the 2D and between the areas and the volumes of the cells in 3D: except for the hexagonal (2D) and FCC structure (3D), this applies also for infinitesimal noise. In the Poisson-Voronoi limit, the anomalous exponent is about 0.17 in both the 2D and 3D case. A positive anomaly in the scaling indicates that large cells preferentially feature large isoperimetric quotients. As the number of faces is strongly correlated with the sphericity (cells with more faces are bulkier), in 3D it is shown that the anomalous scaling is heavily reduced when we perform power law fits separately on cells with a specific number of faces
Capture, Learning, and Synthesis of 3D Speaking Styles
Audio-driven 3D facial animation has been widely explored, but achieving
realistic, human-like performance is still unsolved. This is due to the lack of
available 3D datasets, models, and standard evaluation metrics. To address
this, we introduce a unique 4D face dataset with about 29 minutes of 4D scans
captured at 60 fps and synchronized audio from 12 speakers. We then train a
neural network on our dataset that factors identity from facial motion. The
learned model, VOCA (Voice Operated Character Animation) takes any speech
signal as input - even speech in languages other than English - and
realistically animates a wide range of adult faces. Conditioning on subject
labels during training allows the model to learn a variety of realistic
speaking styles. VOCA also provides animator controls to alter speaking style,
identity-dependent facial shape, and pose (i.e. head, jaw, and eyeball
rotations) during animation. To our knowledge, VOCA is the only realistic 3D
facial animation model that is readily applicable to unseen subjects without
retargeting. This makes VOCA suitable for tasks like in-game video, virtual
reality avatars, or any scenario in which the speaker, speech, or language is
not known in advance. We make the dataset and model available for research
purposes at http://voca.is.tue.mpg.de.Comment: To appear in CVPR 201
Intellectual Property Infringements & 3D Printing: Decentralized Piracy
By drastically reducing the role of intermediaries in manufacturing, 3D printing is likely to set about the next wave of decentralized, non-commercial infringements of intellectual property rights. Drawing upon the lessons from the entertainment industry’s litigation campaign against illegal file sharing, this paper describes some of the common characteristics of decentralized piracy. I show that, like copyright enforcement on file-sharing networks, intellectual property enforcement of 3D printing faces economic and social norm complications that make traditional, litigation based enforcement ineffective and possibly counterproductive
Similarities and Differences in Chinese and Caucasian Adults' Use of Facial Cues for Trustworthiness Judgments
All cultural groups in the world place paramount value on interpersonal trust. Existing research suggests that although accurate judgments of another's trustworthiness require extensive interactions with the person, we often make trustworthiness judgments based on facial cues on the first encounter. However, little is known about what facial cues are used for such judgments and what the bases are on which individuals make their trustworthiness judgments.In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that individuals may use facial attractiveness cues as a “shortcut” for judging another's trustworthiness due to the lack of other more informative and in-depth information about trustworthiness. Using data-driven statistical models of 3D Caucasian faces, we compared facial cues used for judging the trustworthiness of Caucasian faces by Caucasian participants who were highly experienced with Caucasian faces, and the facial cues used by Chinese participants who were unfamiliar with Caucasian faces. We found that Chinese and Caucasian participants used similar facial cues to judge trustworthiness. Also, both Chinese and Caucasian participants used almost identical facial cues for judging trustworthiness and attractiveness.The results suggest that without opportunities to interact with another person extensively, we use the less racially specific and more universal attractiveness cues as a “shortcut” for trustworthiness judgments
Twisting the Cube: Art-Inspired Mathematical Explorations
A cube can be twisted in a playful manner for visual and algebraic insights. The twisting process and the resulting ruled surfaces can be demonstrated using 3D modeling tools (e.g., GeoGebra® and Autodesk Fusion 360®) or elastic cords on a 3D-printable scaffold. The twisted cube is aesthetically appealing, posing interesting questions that are worthwhile at multiple levels. Algebraically, the volume of the twisted cube is shown to be two-thirds of the reference cube. The twisted faces are parts of hyperbolic paraboloids, whose implicit and parametric equations can be established from diverse perspectives in support of further dynamic explorations and discussions about the surface area
Methods of Automatic Face Angle Recognition for Life Support and Safety Systems
The vision of the surrounding and people that are within eyeshot influences the human well-being and safety. The rationale of system development that allows recognizing faces from difficult perspectives online and informing timely about approaching people is undisputed. The manuscript describes the methods of automatic detection of equilibrium face points in the bitmap image and methods of forming 3D face model. The optimal search algorithm for equilibrium points has been chosen. The method of forming 3D face model basing on a single bitmap image and building up the face image rotated to the preset angle has been proposed. The algorithm for estimating the angle and algorithm of the face image rotation have been implemented. The manuscript also reviews the existing methods of forming 3D face model. The algorithm for the formation of 3D face model from a single bitmap image and a set of individual 3D models have been proposed as well as the algorithm for forming different face angles with the calculated 3D face model aimed to create biometric vectors cluster. Operation results of the algorithm for face images formation from different angles have been presented
Methods of Automatic Face Angle Recognition for Life Support and Safety Systems
The vision of the surrounding and people that are within eyeshot influences the human well-being and safety. The rationale of system development that allows recognizing faces from difficult perspectives online and informing timely about approaching people is undisputed. The manuscript describes the methods of automatic detection of equilibrium face points in the bitmap image and methods of forming 3D face model. The optimal search algorithm for equilibrium points has been chosen. The method of forming 3D face model basing on a single bitmap image and building up the face image rotated to the preset angle has been proposed. The algorithm for estimating the angle and algorithm of the face image rotation have been implemented. The manuscript also reviews the existing methods of forming 3D face model. The algorithm for the formation of 3D face model from a single bitmap image and a set of individual 3D models have been proposed as well as the algorithm for forming different face angles with the calculated 3D face model aimed to create biometric vectors cluster. Operation results of the algorithm for face images formation from different angles have been presented
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