48 research outputs found

    For a Data-Driven Interpretation of Rules wrt GMP Conclusions in Abductive Problems

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    International audienceAbductive reasoning is an explanatory process in which potential causes of an observation are unearthed. In its classical – crisp – version it offers little lattitude for discovery of new knowledge. Placed in a fuzzy context, abduction can explain observations which did not, originally, exactly match the expected conclusions. Studying the effects of slight modifications through the use of linguistic modifiers was, therefore , of interest in order to describe the extent to which observations can be modified yet still explained and, possibly, create new knowledge. We will concentrate on the formal definition of fuzzy abduction given by Mellouli and Bouchon-Meunier. Our results will be shown to be incompatible with established theories. We will show where this incompatibility comes from and derive from it a selection of fuzzy implication , based on observable data

    Побудова класифікаційної нечіткої бази знань на основі трендових правил і оберненого виведення

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    In this paper, an approach to fuzzy classification rules construction within the framework of fuzzy relation equations is proposed. At the same time, the system of fuzzy trend rules serves as a carrier of expert information and generator of rules - solutions of fuzzy relation equations. The system of fuzzy classification rules can be rearranged as a set of linguistic solutions of fuzzy relation equations using the composite system of fuzzy terms, e.g. “significant rise”, “essential drop” etc., where causes and effects significance measures are described by fuzzy quantifiers. The problem of inverse logical inference, which lies in restoring the coordinates of the maximum of the fuzzy input terms membership functions for each output class is reduced to solving the system of fuzzy relation equations using a genetic algorithm.The proposed approach allows to avoid the alternative rule selection. The aim of the rule selection methods is to reduce the system complexity by removing inefficient and redundant rules and improve the system accuracy by introducing alternative rules into the final rule base. Using expert knowledge cannot guarantee the optimal cooperation activity among rules. The rule selection problem is still relevant since there is currently no single methodical standard for the optimal structural adjustment of fuzzy classification knowledge bases.Solving fuzzy relation equations using the genetic algorithm ensures the optimal number of fuzzy rules for each output term and optimal form of the membership functions of the fuzzy input terms for each linguistic solution.Consecutive solution of the optimization problems provides complexity reduction of the problem of fuzzy classification knowledge bases generation. Предложен метод построения классификационных нечетких баз знаний, в которых носителем экспертной информации являются трендовые правила «причины - следствия». Показано, что классификационные нечеткие правила, которые связывают меры значимостей причин и следствий с помощью нечетких квантификаторов, представляют множество решений системы нечетких логических уравнений для заданных классов выхода.Запропоновано метод побудови класифікаційних нечітких баз знань, в яких носієм експертної інформації є трендові правила «причини - наслідки». Показано, що класифікаційні нечіткі правила, які з’єднують міри значимостей причин і наслідків за допомогою нечітких квантифікаторів, представляють множину розв’язків системи нечітких логічних рівнянь для заданих класів виходу

    Побудова класифікаційної нечіткої бази знань на основі трендових правил і оберненого виведення

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    In this paper, an approach to fuzzy classification rules construction within the framework of fuzzy relation equations is proposed. At the same time, the system of fuzzy trend rules serves as a carrier of expert information and generator of rules - solutions of fuzzy relation equations. The system of fuzzy classification rules can be rearranged as a set of linguistic solutions of fuzzy relation equations using the composite system of fuzzy terms, e.g. “significant rise”, “essential drop” etc., where causes and effects significance measures are described by fuzzy quantifiers. The problem of inverse logical inference, which lies in restoring the coordinates of the maximum of the fuzzy input terms membership functions for each output class is reduced to solving the system of fuzzy relation equations using a genetic algorithm.The proposed approach allows to avoid the alternative rule selection. The aim of the rule selection methods is to reduce the system complexity by removing inefficient and redundant rules and improve the system accuracy by introducing alternative rules into the final rule base. Using expert knowledge cannot guarantee the optimal cooperation activity among rules. The rule selection problem is still relevant since there is currently no single methodical standard for the optimal structural adjustment of fuzzy classification knowledge bases.Solving fuzzy relation equations using the genetic algorithm ensures the optimal number of fuzzy rules for each output term and optimal form of the membership functions of the fuzzy input terms for each linguistic solution.Consecutive solution of the optimization problems provides complexity reduction of the problem of fuzzy classification knowledge bases generation. Предложен метод построения классификационных нечетких баз знаний, в которых носителем экспертной информации являются трендовые правила «причины - следствия». Показано, что классификационные нечеткие правила, которые связывают меры значимостей причин и следствий с помощью нечетких квантификаторов, представляют множество решений системы нечетких логических уравнений для заданных классов выхода.Запропоновано метод побудови класифікаційних нечітких баз знань, в яких носієм експертної інформації є трендові правила «причини - наслідки». Показано, що класифікаційні нечіткі правила, які з’єднують міри значимостей причин і наслідків за допомогою нечітких квантифікаторів, представляють множину розв’язків системи нечітких логічних рівнянь для заданих класів виходу

    What is “meta-” for? : a Peircean critique of the cognitive theory of metaphor

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    My thesis aims to anatomize the cognitive theory of metaphor and suggests a Peircean semiotic perspective on metaphor study. As metaphorical essentialists, Lakoff/Johnson tend to universalize a limited number of conceptual metaphors and, by doing this, they overlook the dynamic relation between metaphorical tenor and vehicle. Such notion of metaphor is not compatible with the polysemous nature of the sign. The diversity and multivalency of metaphorical vehicle, in particular, cast serious doubts on the hypothesis of “conceptual metaphors” which, being meta-metaphorical constructs, can tell us nothing but a dry and empty formula “A is B”. Consequently, Lakoff/Johnson’s notion of conceptual metaphor is very much a Chomskyan postulation. Also problematic is the expedient experientialism or embodied philosophy they have put forward as a middle course between objectivism and subjectivism. What is missing from their framework is a structural space for dynamic interpretation on the part of metaphor users. In contrast, cognitive linguists may find in Peirce’s theory of the sign a sound solution to their theoretical impasse. As a logician, Peirce sees metaphor as the realization of iconic reasoning at the language level. His exposition on iconicity and iconic reasoning has laid a solid foundation upon which may be erected a fresh epistemology of metaphor fit for the contemporary study of language and mind. Broadly speaking, metaphor in Peirce can be examined from roughly two perspectives. Macroscopically, metaphor is an icon in general as opposed to index and symbol, whereas, microscopically, it is a subdivided hypoicon on the third level as opposed to image and diagram. Besides, Peirce also emphasized the subjective nature of metaphor. Semioticians after Peirce have further developed his theory on metaphor. For example, through his concept of “arbitrary iconicity”, Ersu Ding stresses the arbitrary nature of metaphorization and tries to shift our attention away from Lakoff/Johnson’s abstract epistemological Gestalt to the specific cultural contexts in which metaphors occur. Umberto Eco, on the other hand, sees interpretation of signs as an open-ended process that involves knowledge of all kinds. Encyclopedic knowledge thus serves as unlimited source for metaphorical association. For Eco, the meaning of a metaphor should be interpreted in the cultural framework based on a specific cultural community. Both Ding’s and Eco’s ideas are in line with Peirce’s theoretical framework where the meaning of a metaphor depends on an interpreter in a particular socio-historical context. They all realize that we should go beyond the ontology of metaphorical expressions to acquire a dynamic perspective on metaphor interpretation. To overcome the need for presupposing an omnipotent subject capable of knowing the metaphor-in-itself, we turn to Habermas’s theory of communicative action in which the meaning of metaphor is intersubjectively established through negotiation and communication. Moreover, we should not overlook the dynamic tension between metaphor and ideology. Aphoristically, we can say that nothing is a metaphor unless it is interpreted as a metaphor, and we need to reconnect metaphors with the specific cultural and ideological contexts in which they appear

    Exploring the Lived-Experience of business model innovation

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    Due to increasingly complex and uncertain environments, businesses must deal with multiple competing and often opposing models, what we may call 'ontological relativity'. To deal with this, the practice of innovation management requires a new type of practical-epistemology. The best insight into these new types of knowledge is an exploration of lived experience of innovation management practitioners. This research then explores the phenomena involved in the practice of business model innovation in the context of two innovation projects. To achieve these goals, a phenomenological method is used to uncover fundamental aspects of the innovation process. The outcome of the inquiry is a set a set of phenomena that hope to contribute to the discourse around this emerging field of management knowledge

    How multiplayer online battle arenas foster scientific reasoning

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    How multiplayer online battle arenas foster scientific reasoning

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    Constructing Social Procurement: An Institutional Perspective on Working with Employment Requirements

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    Private and public organisations are increasingly using their purchasing power to mitigate societal issues and create social value. This is called social procurement. Due to problems such as segregation, unemployment, and social exclusion, social procurement in Sweden has focused on employment requirements. This is a type of criterion within social procurement that is used to create employment opportunities for marginalised long-term unemployed people, such as immigrants, youths and/or people with disabilities. These target groups often live in segregated neighbourhoods in run-down housing. This situation has led organisations in the Swedish construction and real estate sector to implement employment requirements in the procurement of their building and refurbishment projects and also in the facilities maintenance of the buildings, often hiring their own tenants. By hiring unemployed people to work with refurbishing their run-down housing, and supplying more labour to the construction sector, employment requirements have the potential to create social value for individuals, organisations, and for society. However, it is unclear how social procurement and employment requirements unfold in practice and what it means for the daily work of individual and organisational actors. Working with employment requirements can spur new ways of thinking and organising; create new roles, actors and responsibilities; create new practices, knowledge and coordination needs; and create new business opportunities. These new ways of thinking and organising, requires closer empirical, theoretical and conceptual examination. Therefore, this thesis aims to analyse how individual and organisational actors work with social procurement and how this work brings about institutional change processes that affect the everyday work of these actors. This thesis builds on a qualitative research design, mainly using interviews, where the practice-oriented theoretical perspectives of institutional work and institutional logics are applied to analyse how practices, roles, identities and norms change as a result of working with social procurement. The findings in this thesis make several contributions to both theory and practice. For social procurement research, in the context of the construction and real estate sector, this thesis adds rich details about what employment requirements mean for individual actors, and their professional roles, identities and daily work practices. The research also provides details on what enablers, drivers and barriers there are for working with employment requirements, as well as a discussion on which type of actors that are affected by these enablers, drivers and barriers. For the theoretical perspectives of institutional logics and work, this research adds insight and an empirical example of how a conflicting and disruptive institutional logic collide and mesh in a tightly regulated and institutionalised environment, and how a sustainable concept may become institutionalised despite considerable inertia, through the use of creative institutional work. Moreover, the research illustrates how actors differ in terms of the type of institutional work they conduct, and how these different kinds of ‘institutional workmanship’ interact. It also calls into question the role of intentionality in institutional work.For practitioners, the findings highlight what works well and less well when actors work with employment requirements. The identified barriers constitute a concrete list of areas in which adjustments can be made to enable an effective and efficient creation and dissemination of employment requirements and associated practices. For those already working with employment requirements today, the findings acknowledge the struggles that individual actors face when working with employment requirements, which can help legitimise their roles and practices and, by extension, the use of employment requirements

    Ajuda al Diagnòstic de Càncer de Melanoma amb Raonament Analògic Multietiqueta

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    La mortalitat provocada pel càncer de melanoma ha augmentat en els últims anys a causa, principalment, dels nous hàbits d'exposició al sol. Atenent al criteri mèdic, el diagnòstic precoç s'ha convertit en el millor mètode de prevenció. No és però una tasca trivial ja que els experts del domini han de fer front a un problema caracteritzat per tenir un gran volum de dades, de format heterogeni i amb coneixement parcial. A partir d'aquestes necessitats es proposa la creació d'una eina de suport a la presa de decisions que sigui capaç d'ajudar els experts en melanoma en el seu diagnòstic. El sistema ha de fer front a diversos reptes plantejats, que inclouen la caracterització del domini, la identificació de patrons a les dades segons el criteri dels experts, la classificació de nous pacients i la capacitat d'explicar els pronòstics obtinguts. Aquestes fites s'han materialitzat en la plataforma DERMA, la qual està basada en la col•laboració de diversos subsistemes de raonament analògic multietiqueta. L'experimentació realitzada amb el sistema proposat utilitzant dades d'imatges confocals i dermatoscòpiques ha permès comprovar la fiabilitat del sistema. Els resultats obtinguts han estat validats pels experts en el diagnòstic del melanoma considerant-los positius.La mortalidad a causa del cáncer de melanoma ha aumentado en los últimos años debido, principalmente, a los nuevos hábitos de exposición al sol. Atendiendo al criterio médico, el diagnóstico precoz se ha convertido en el mejor método de prevención, pero no se trata de una tarea trivial puesto que los expertos del dominio deben hacer frente a un problema caracterizado por tener un gran volumen de datos, de formato heterogéneo y con conocimiento parcial. A partir de estas necesidades se propone la creación de una herramienta de ayuda a la toma de decisiones que sea capaz de ayudar a los expertos en melanoma en su diagnóstico. El sistema tiene que hacer frente a diversos retos planteados, que incluyen la caracterización del dominio, la identificación de patrones en los datos según el criterio médico, la clasificación de nuevos pacientes y la capacidad de explicar los pronósticos obtenidos. Estas metas se han materializado en la plataforma DERMA la cual está basada en la colaboración de varios subsistemas de razonamiento analógico multietiqueta. La experimentación realizada con el sistema propuesto utilizando datos de imágenes confocales y dermatoscópicas ha permitido verificar la fiabilidad del sistema. Los resultados obtenidos han sido validados por los expertos en el diagnóstico del melanoma considerándolos positivos.Mortality related to melanoma cancer has increased in recent years, mainly due to new habits of sun exposure. Considering the medical criteria, early diagnosis has become the best method of prevention but this is not trivial because experts are facing a problem characterized by a large volume of data, heterogeneous, and with partial knowledge. Based on these requirements we propose the creation of a decision support system that is able to assist experts in melanoma diagnosis. The system has to cope with various challenges, that include the characterization of the domain, the identification of data patterns attending to medical criteria, the classification of new patients, and the ability to explain predictions. These goals have been materialized in DERMA platform that is based on the collaboration of several analogical reasoning multi-label subsystems. The experiments conducted with the proposed system using confocal and dermoscopic images data have been allowed to ascertain the reliability of the system. The results have been validated by experts in diagnosis of melanoma considering it as positive

    Working on Crime: Individual and Team Management of Knowledge for Decision Making in the Initial Investigative Process

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    Every police agency needs to know how a productive environment for investigators working on crime, based on an effective investigative knowledge-management system, may best be provided. In order to contribute understanding for that purpose, this research examines three strands of the theme of working on crime that are entailed in the initial stages of an enquiry: the nature of the investigative process; investigative teamwork, and the individual and team management of knowledge. It is contended that the initial investigative process requires speedy and effective use of knowledge from four main sources: from objects and scenes, from people, from investigators' own experience, and from knowledge-management systems. The management of this knowledge for decision making in the initial stages of a police investigation of a crime is essentially a process of intuitive pattern-making ahead of verification. It is both internalised and manifest, and sited within the prevailing culture, undertaken by an individual investigator upon the explicit, implicit and unknown facts available to him or her, thus creating a continuing, unselfconscious, productive interplay between the skills of one and the complexity of the other. This process takes place within a subtle and multi-layered environment, the 'investigative entity'. In order to advance understanding of the process in its environment, it was necessary first to conceptualise a new model of this 'investigative entity'. The model illuminates the complexity of the investigative task, shows the centrality of individual investigators, and their skills, to the process of investigation, and emphasises the interrogative interface of the practitioner and the decision making process with the architecture of knowledge. Classical theories and practices of decision making are discussed, amplified with material on the intuition and analytic processes which underlie the model, the particular need for knowledge in investigative decision making, and the role of investigative knowledge-management systems as tools for intuition. The role played by official knowledge-management systems in the investigative entity is delineated, but emphasis centres on the power and utility of the individual investigator's tacit knowledge and skills. However, investigative work requires that investigators must often work in teams, where for success, a supportive culture for individuals' intuitive decision making needs to be provided. The thesis examines ways in which investigative teams may be viewed, and establishes a list of criteria for identifying the nature of investigative teams. The New Zealand Police provides the locus for examining the potency and relevance of the investigative entity model, both for individual investigators and for teams, and the actual use of police knowledge-management systems by investigators. Through interviews, observation and discussion a picture takes shape of investigators managing knowledge, both as vigorously competent individuals, and in concert with others. This empirical vignette sheds light on how investigative decision making in the initial stages of an incident takes place in practice. To conclude, guidelines for providing the optimal conditions and knowledge-management systems for investigators are suggested, with the responsibility for doing so laid upon the agency and the government
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