DEVELOPING AN OPTIMAL MODEL FOR URBAN WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS WITH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT APPROACH: A CASE STUDY OF TEHRAN

Abstract. Today, choosing an appropriate waste disposal option for cities, especially crowded cities such as Tehran, has become one of the important environmental issues. In fact, one of the areas where the reform can play an important role in promoting the municipal waste management system is the choice of the final disposal method of waste, since it is a multi-criteria and complex problem and has different environmental, social, technological and economic dimensions. In recent years, due to the increase in the production of municipal wastes in the metropolis of Tehran and the environmental consequences of their disproportionate disposal, and on the other hand, due to the disadvantages and advantages of any waste disposal method, including recycling, compost, waste incinerators and sanitary landfill, a variety of models and methods have been used to evaluate waste disposal systems in the city of Tehran and to select the best waste management options. But the problem of final disposal of waste from Tehran is still one of the main concerns of the environmental management of this metropolis. Because of the difference in the nature of waste materials in Tehran and its constituent parts, a waste disposal system for waste management in Tehran, is not a satisfactory solution, and in order to achieve high efficiency as well as covering all materials, several waste management and disposal units should be used incombination. On the other hand, each of these municipal waste disposal systems will also have costs and revenues. Therefore, considering this point, the percentage of input of waste to disposal systems is important. So in order to achieve this, in this research we have to provide an optimal model using PSO in order to achieve the optimal combination of municipal waste management systems and determining the optimal amount of waste for each of these waste disposal systems, in accordance with the waste analyzes in Tehran, in order to achieve the highest efficiency, reduce economic and environmental costs, and increase the income.Keywords: Urban Waste Management System, Optimal Pattern, PSO, Sustainable development, cost, revenue

An Analysis of Socioeconomic Effects on Scrap Paper Recycling Participation

In the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan region, almost 16% of the paper products discarded are recoverable mixed grade scrap paper. By targeting recycling campaigns at people who tend not to recycle, participation and recovery rates may be raised. This study attempts to determine if households with greater income and education levels tend to participate in scrap paper recycling more than those with lower levels. Ten areas in Portland, each with 125 households were selected as the sample to represent the population of Portland. Data was collected about each household\u27s recycling participation rates and socioeconomic characteristics. Statistical tests found that people who participated in scrap paper recycling had significantly different income and education levels than those who did not participate. A logistic regression model determined that scrap paper recycling participation can be predicted by knowing a person\u27s income and education, and that the probability of participating is increased with higher income and higher education. Recommendations are proposed for increasing recycling participation in Portland, and elsewhere

Enabling Future Sustainability Transitions: An Urban Metabolism Approach to Los Angeles Pincetl et al. Enabling Future Sustainability Transitions

Summary: This synthesis article presents an overview of an urban metabolism (UM) approach using mixed methods and multiple sources of data for Los Angeles, California. We examine electric energy use in buildings and greenhouse gas emissions from electricity, and calculate embedded infrastructure life cycle effects, water use and solid waste streams in an attempt to better understand the urban flows and sinks in the Los Angeles region (city and county). This quantification is being conducted to help policy-makers better target energy conservation and efficiency programs, pinpoint best locations for distributed solar generation, and support the development of policies for greater environmental sustainability. It provides a framework to which many more UM flows can be added to create greater understanding of the study area's resource dependencies. Going forward, together with policy analysis, UM can help untangle the complex intertwined resource dependencies that cities must address as they attempt to increase their environmental sustainability

Recycling Influences: Exposure to Childhood Environmental Education

The research question addressed was what do people who participate or do not participate in a neighborhood recycling program report regarding their exposure to childhood environmental education? It focuses on 2 communities in the southwestern United States. The author documents details of a qualitative survey as well as presents data from 2 seven-week-long observations. While the survey was minimal, the observation results show that only a small change can markedly affect the participation in recycling programs

An improved multi-objective programming with augmented ε-constraint method for hazardous waste location-routing problem

Source at https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13060548. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Hazardous waste location-routing problems are of importance due to the potential risk for nearby residents and the environment. In this paper, an improved mathematical formulation is developed based upon a multi-objective mixed integer programming approach. The model aims at assisting decision makers in selecting locations for different facilities including treatment plants, recycling plants and disposal sites, providing appropriate technologies for hazardous waste treatment, and routing transportation. In the model, two critical factors are taken into account: system operating costs and risk imposed on local residents, and a compensation factor is introduced to the risk objective function in order to account for the fact that the risk level imposed by one type of hazardous waste or treatment technology may significantly vary from that of other types. Besides, the policy instruments for promoting waste recycling are considered, and their influence on the costs and risk of hazardous waste management is also discussed. The model is coded and calculated in Lingo optimization solver, and the augmented ε-constraint method is employed to generate the Pareto optimal curve of the multi-objective optimization problem. The trade-off between different objectives is illustrated in the numerical experiment

Road-based goods transportation : a survey of real-world logistics applications from 2000 to 2015

The vehicle routing problem has been widely studied from a technical point of view for more than 50 years. Many of its variants are rooted in practical settings. This paper provides a survey of the main real-life applications of road-based goods transportation over the past 15 years. It reviews papers in the areas of oil, gas and fuel transportation, retail, waste collection and management, mail and package delivery and food distribution. Some perspectives on future research and applications are discussed

Solid Waste Collection Optimization: A literature Review

The urban population saw an increase of 80 million in 2019. The accelerated movement of people towards urban centres along with annual increasing per capita waste generation calls for an urgent need to address the rising solid waste generation. Contemporary pandemic of Covid-19 puts the demand all time high for revival and optimizing solid waste management system. For optimizing solid waste management, solid waste collection is the most important aspect of process as it includes majority of financial inputs. This article aims to provide literature review regarding different methodologies and criteria for solid waste collection optimization. The article also examines trends and areas of future research along with unexplored and budding domains. This would help reader identifying his interest area besides getting a comprehensive understanding of research trends. The study could also be used by waste management firms to analyze, compare different methods, their performance and their suitability under different environment conditions.

Towards circular economy in developing cities: an integrated approach for planning international cooperation projects

Solid waste management (SWM) issues are an environmental and social burden, which affect mainly the population of low-middle income countries worldwide, as well as the global environment. The application of the circular economy (CE) principles (reuse of waste materials) is considered the main solution spreading the economy of the waste and therefore reducing environmental impacts. This research is focused on the analysis and application of integrated approaches for planning sustainable SWM systems in developing big cities, demonstrating the importance of the inclusion of the informal recycling and drafting international cooperation projects for introducing new appropriate technologies and awareness campaigns. The case study of this research is La Paz (Bolivia), low-middle income city where international support is required for the sustainable development. The results allow suggesting that the inclusion of informal recyclers can be considered the most useful option in terms of technical and financial issues, exploiting a CE system just in place. Moreover, the cooperation with local and international stakeholders allows writing and submitting two international cooperation projects. The research demonstrates that the cooperation among various international and local actors, such as Universities, non-governmental organizations and local Government, in parallel with the use of technical knowledge and methodologies can support the sustainable development in low-middle countries, driving low-middle income cities towards the CE

Why Waste Waste? A Strategic Plan to Achieve Zero Waste in Portland, Maine

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