A Combined Adaptive Tabu Search and Set Partitioning Approach for the Crew Scheduling Problem with an Air Tanker Crew Application

This research develops the first metaheuristic approach to the complete air crew scheduling problem. It develops the first dynamic, integrated, set-partitioning based vocabulary scheme for metaheuristic search. Since no benchmark flight schedules exist for the tanker crew scheduling problem, this research defines and develops a Java™ based flight schedule generator. The robustness of the tabu search algorithms is judged by testing them using designed experiments. An integer program is developed to calculate lower bounds for the tanker crew scheduling problem objectives and to measure the overall quality of solutions produced by the developed algorithms

Reliable Reserve-Crew Scheduling for Airlines

We study the practical setting in which regular- and reserve-crew schedules are dynamically maintained up to the day of executing the schedule. At each day preceding the execution of the schedule, disruptions occur due to sudden unavailability of personnel, making the planned regular and reserve-crew schedules infeasible for its execution day. This paper studies the fundamental question how to repair the schedules' infeasibility in the days preceding the execution, taking into account labor regulations. We propose a robust repair strategy that maintains flexibility in order to cope with additional future disruptions. The flexibility in reserve-crew usage is explicitly considered through evaluating the expected shortfall of the reserve-crew schedule based on a Markov chain formulation. The core of our approach relies on iteratively solving a set-covering formulation, which we call the Robust Crew Recovery Problem, which encapsulates this flexibility notion for reserve crew usage. A tailored branch-and-price algorithm is developed for solving the Robust Crew Recovery Problem to optimality. The corresponding pricing problem is efficiently solved by a newly developed pulse algorithm. Based on actual data from a medium-sized hub-and-spoke airline, we show that embracing our approach leads to fewer flight cancellations and fewer last-minute alterations, compared to repairing disrupted schedules without considering our robust measure

Reliable reserve-crew scheduling for airlines

We study the practical setting in which regular- and reserve-crew schedules are dynamically maintained up to the day of executing the schedule. At each day preceding the execution of the schedule, disruptions occur due to sudden unavailability of personnel, making the planned regular and reserve-crew schedules infeasible for its execution day. This paper studies the fundamental question how to repair the schedules’ infeasibility in the days preceding the execution, taking into account labor regulations. We propose a robust repair strategy that maintains flexibility in order to cope with additional future disruptions. The flexibility in reserve-crew usage is explicitly considered through evaluating the expected shortfall of the reserve-crew schedule based on a Markov chain formulation. The core of our approach relies on iteratively solving a set-covering formulation, which we call the Robust Crew Recovery Problem, which encapsulates this flexibility notion for reserve crew usage. A tailored branch-and-price algorithm is developed for solving the Robust Crew Recovery Problem to optimality. The corresponding pricing problem is efficiently solved by a newly developed pulse algorithm. Based on actual data from a medium-sized hub-and-spoke airline, we show that embracing our approach leads to fewer flight cancellations and fewer last-minute alterations, compared to repairing disrupted schedules without considering our robust measure.</p

Lagrangian-based methods for single and multi-layer multicommodity capacitated network design

Le problème de conception de réseau avec coûts fixes et capacités (MCFND) et le problème de conception de réseau multicouches (MLND) sont parmi les problèmes de conception de réseau les plus importants. Dans le problème MCFND monocouche, plusieurs produits doivent être acheminés entre des paires origine-destination différentes d’un réseau potentiel donné. Des liaisons doivent être ouvertes pour acheminer les produits, chaque liaison ayant une capacité donnée. Le problème est de trouver la conception du réseau à coût minimum de sorte que les demandes soient satisfaites et que les capacités soient respectées. Dans le problème MLND, il existe plusieurs réseaux potentiels, chacun correspondant à une couche donnée. Dans chaque couche, les demandes pour un ensemble de produits doivent être satisfaites. Pour ouvrir un lien dans une couche particulière, une chaîne de liens de support dans une autre couche doit être ouverte. Nous abordons le problème de conception de réseau multiproduits multicouches à flot unique avec coûts fixes et capacités (MSMCFND), où les produits doivent être acheminés uniquement dans l’une des couches. Les algorithmes basés sur la relaxation lagrangienne sont l’une des méthodes de résolution les plus efficaces pour résoudre les problèmes de conception de réseau. Nous présentons de nouvelles relaxations à base de noeuds, où le sous-problème résultant se décompose par noeud. Nous montrons que la décomposition lagrangienne améliore significativement les limites des relaxations traditionnelles. Les problèmes de conception du réseau ont été étudiés dans la littérature. Cependant, ces dernières années, des applications intéressantes des problèmes MLND sont apparues, qui ne sont pas couvertes dans ces études. Nous présentons un examen des problèmes de MLND et proposons une formulation générale pour le MLND. Nous proposons également une formulation générale et une méthodologie de relaxation lagrangienne efficace pour le problème MMCFND. La méthode est compétitive avec un logiciel commercial de programmation en nombres entiers, et donne généralement de meilleurs résultats.The multicommodity capacitated fixed-charge network design problem (MCFND) and the multilayer network design problem (MLND) are among the most important network design problems. In the single-layer MCFND problem, several commodities have to be routed between different origin-destination pairs of a given potential network. Appropriate capacitated links have to be opened to route the commodities. The problem is to find the minimum cost design and routing such that the demands are satisfied and the capacities are respected. In the MLND, there are several potential networks, each at a given layer. In each network, the flow requirements for a set of commodities must be satisfied. However, the selection of the links is interdependent. To open a link in a particular layer, a chain of supporting links in another layer has to be opened. We address the multilayer single flow-type multicommodity capacitated fixed-charge network design problem (MSMCFND), where commodities are routed only in one of the layers. Lagrangian-based algorithms are one of the most effective solution methods to solve network design problems. The traditional Lagrangian relaxations for the MCFND problem are the flow and knapsack relaxations, where the resulting Lagrangian subproblems decompose by commodity and by arc, respectively. We present new node-based relaxations, where the resulting subproblem decomposes by node. We show that the Lagrangian dual bound improves significantly upon the bounds of the traditional relaxations. We also propose a Lagrangian-based algorithm to obtain upper bounds. Network design problems have been the object of extensive literature reviews. However, in recent years, interesting applications of multilayer problems have appeared that are not covered in these surveys. We present a review of multilayer problems and propose a general formulation for the MLND. We also propose a general formulation and an efficient Lagrangian-based solution methodology for the MMCFND problem. The method is competitive with (and often significantly better than) a state-of-the-art mixedinteger programming solver on a large set of randomly generated instances

Combining and Analyzing the Tanker and Aircrew Scheduling Heuristics

Air refueling is an integral part of U.S. air power across a wide range of military operations. It is an essential capability in the conduct of air operations worldwide and is especially important when overseas basing is limited or not available. The planning, tasking, and scheduling of aerial refueling require solution of two major problems: assigning and scheduling of tankers to refueling points and efficiently assigning crews to each tanker. To address the scheduling of tankers, Wiley (2001) developed an efficient tabu search approach. Combs (2002) developed another tabu search approach to assign crews to tankers. This research combines the two scheduling heuristics so that the tanker schedules generated by the tanker scheduling heuristics can feed the crew scheduling heuristic

Optimisation simultanée des rotations et des blocs mensuels des équipages aériens

R´esum´e Le probl`eme int´egr´e de la construction des rotations et des blocs mensuels des pilotes consiste `a d´eterminer un ensemble de rotations et de blocs mensuels pour les pilotes tels que chaque segment de vol est couvert par une seule rotation et un seul bloc, et ce, tout en satisfaisant des contraintes suppl´ementaires comme la disponibilit´e des pilotes dans chaque base. Une rotation est une s´equence de vols effectu´ee par un ´equipage durant une p´eriode donn´ee partant et revenant `a la mˆeme base. Un bloc (ou horaire) mensuel est une s´equence de rotations s´epar´ees par des p´eriodes de repos. La construction des rotations et des blocs mensuels doit ˆetre conforme aux r`egles de la s´ecurit´e a´erienne, aux r`egles d’op´eration de la compagnie et aux r`egles contenues dans les conventions collectives entre les employ´es et la compagnie a´erienne. `A part l’introduction, la revue de litt´erature et la conclusion, cette th`ese est compos´ee de trois chapitres principaux dont chacun pr´esente les travaux r´ealis´ees pour un objectif de recherche bien pr´ecis. Ces trois chapitres utilisent les mˆemes instances du probl`eme bas´ees sur des donn´ees r´eelles fournies par une grande compagnie a´erienne am´ericaine. Le probl`eme de construction des rotations se r´esout traditionnellement en trois phases de mani`ere s´equentielle : un probl`eme journalier, un probl`eme hebdomadaire et un probl`eme mensuel. Cette approche interdit la r´ep´etition du mˆeme num´ero de vol dans une rotation. Le premier objectif de cette th`ese est de mettre en ´evidence deux faiblesses de cette approche s´equentielle et proposer `a la place une approche alternative qui permet la r´ep´etition des vols dans une mˆeme rotation. Premi`erement, nous montrons que lorsque l’horaire des vols est irr´egulier, les deux premi`eres phases ne sont qu’une perte de temps et on peut obtenir de meilleures solutions en moins de temps si le probl`eme mensuel est r´esolu directement en utilisant une approche d’horizon fuyant faisant appel `a une m´ethode de g´en´eration de colonnes. En effet, cette approche a permis de diminuer le gras de la solution de 34% en moyenne o`u le gras est une mesure de qualit´e portant sur le pourcentage du temps non travaill´e mais pay´e durant un horizon. Deuxi`emement, mˆeme si l’horaire des vols est compl`etement r´egulier, la qualit´e de la solution est meilleure si le probl`eme hebdomadaire est trait´e directement sans exploiter le probl`eme journalier. En effet, les diff´erents tests ont montr´e qu’une moyenne de 48.8% des rotations contiennent des r´ep´etitions causant une r´eduction moyenne de 16% dans le gras.----------Abstract The integrated crew pairing and crew assignment problem for pilots consists of producing a minimum-cost set of pairings and schedules such that each flight leg is covered once by one pairing and one schedule, and side constraints are satisfied such as pilot availability in each crew base station. A pairing is a sequence of duties separated by rest periods that must start and end at the same crew base. A duty is a sequence of flights separated by connections and ground waiting times, forming a working day for a crew. The construction of pairings and schedules must respect all safety and collective agreement rules. Besides the introduction, literature review and conclusion, this thesis is composed of three main chapters where each one presents the performed work for a specific research objective. These three chapters use the same problem instances based on real-data provided by a major US airline. The crew pairing problem has been traditionally solved in the industry by a heuristic three-phase approach that solves sequentially a daily, a weekly, and a monthly problem. This approach prohibits the repetition of the same flight number in a pairing. The first objective in this thesis is to highlight two weaknesses of the three-phase approach and propose an alternative solution approach that exploits flight number repetitions in pairings. First, when the flight schedule is irregular, we show that better quality solutions can be obtained in less computational times if the first two phases are skipped and the monthly problem is solved directly using a rolling horizon approach based on column generation. In fact, this approach has reduced the solution fat by 34%. The solution fat is a quality measure that shows the percentage of time not worked but paid. Second, even if the flight schedule is completely regular, we show that better quality solutions can be derived by skipping the daily problem phase and solving the weekly problem directly. Indeed, the proportion of pairings with such repetitions represents 48.8% causing a mean reduction in the solution fat by 16%. In practice, both the crew pairing and crew assignment problems are independently modeled and sequentially solved. The use of a sequential approach considerably reduces the complexity of the global problem but produces solutions that may not be conform with airline desires. The second objective in this thesis is to propose a model that fully integrates the crew pairing and crew assignment problems and solve it in a single step. Due to the large size of this integrated model, we propose a solution method that combines a column generation and a dynamic constraint aggregation method. Since the latter method requires a good initial partition, this partition is provided by a set of pairings found with the sequentia

Aircraft Maintenance Routing Problem – A Literature Survey

The airline industry has shown significant growth in the last decade according to some indicators such as annual average growth in global air traffic passenger demand and growth rate in the global air transport fleet. This inevitable progress makes the airline industry challenging and forces airline companies to produce a range of solutions that increase consumer loyalty to the brand. These solutions to reduce the high costs encountered in airline operations, prevent delays in planned departure times, improve service quality, or reduce environmental impacts can be diversified according to the need. Although one can refer to past surveys, it is not sufficient to cover the rich literature of airline scheduling, especially for the last decade. This study aims to fill this gap by reviewing the airline operations related papers published between 2009 and 2019, and focus on the ones especially in the aircraft maintenance routing area which seems a promising branch